Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.

The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a famous researcher, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw”. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not.

But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing. The dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw. Eventually, the unrewarded dogs stopped cooperating.

Researchers always assumed that only humans pay close attention to unfairness. That changed in 2003 when Frans De Waal, a professor of psychology, and a colleague named Sarah Brosnan did a survey on monkeys. Monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber(黄瓜) in return. However, the monkeys would suddenly become angry when receiving the piece of cucumber if they saw another monkey receive a more delicious reward, such as a grape, for doing the same job. The monkey that got the cucumber would eventually throw away the food and the rock, and would later just stop performing.

In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment, but when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that dogs did not make that kind of subtle (细微的) distinction. As long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, they would play along.

1. The dogs refused to give their paws when they _____________________.

A．were given too much reward

B．realized they received less food

C．found another dog was given nothing

D．felt they were being treated unequally

2.The underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to “__________________”.

A．the dogs obeyed the command happily

B．the dogs waited for a reward

C．the dogs hesitated to give the paw

D．the dogs stopped cooperating

3.The monkeys would become angry if they found _____________________.

A．they were being given the same type of food

B．another monkey did much less work

C．another monkey was offered tastier food

D．other monkeys threw food and rocks

4. Range finds that, compared with monkeys, dogs __________________.

A．enjoy playing interesting games with humans

B．prefer to do the same jobs as humans

C．pay little attention to the type of reward received

D．aren’t sensitive to the stimulation (刺激) of food

 

Responsibility is one of the top qualities parents want their children to have when they _______.  

A. bring up B. grow up      C. look up      D. pick up

 

 

My documents are always ______ out according to the contents(内容) and dates so that I have no trouble in finding them when they _______.

A．set; are needed

B．put; need

C．sorted; are needed

D．written; need

 

Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.
The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a famous researcher, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw”. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not.
But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing. The dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw. Eventually, the unrewarded dogs stopped cooperating.
Researchers always assumed that only humans pay close attention to unfairness. That changed in 2003 when Frans De Waal, a professor of psychology, and a colleague named Sarah Brosnan did a survey on monkeys. Monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber(黄瓜) in return. However, the monkeys would suddenly become angry when receiving the piece of cucumber if they saw another monkey receive a more delicious reward, such as a grape, for doing the same job. The monkey that got the cucumber would eventually throw away the food and the rock, and would later just stop performing.
In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment, but when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that dogs did not make that kind of subtle (细微的) distinction. As long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, they would play along.
【小题1】 The dogs refused to give their paws when they _____________________.

A．were given too much reward

B．realized they received less food

C．found another dog was given nothing

D．felt they were being treated unequally

【小题2】The underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to “__________________”.

A．the dogs obeyed the command happily

B．the dogs waited for a reward

C．the dogs hesitated to give the paw

D．the dogs stopped cooperating

【小题3】The monkeys would become angry if they found _____________________.

A．they were being given the same type of food

B．another monkey did much less work

C．another monkey was offered tastier food

D．other monkeys threw food and rocks

【小题4】 Range finds that, compared with monkeys, dogs __________________.

A．enjoy playing interesting games with humans

B．prefer to do the same jobs as humans

C．pay little attention to the type of reward received

D．aren’t sensitive to the stimulation (刺激) of food

 

An Australian 3-year-old was described as a hero after saving his mum from an almost certain death by calling emergency services right after she collapsed(because of an epileptic attack (癫痫发作).

Aiden McDonald amazed the doctors who arrived at Jeanine McDonald’s house 10 minutes after Aiden called 000. The boy was very calm and spoke to the doctors as his mother got into an unconscious state.

Sasha Lewis took the strange call and sent out an ambulance immediately. Aiden answered questions during the 19-minute call that made it clear it was a serious matter.

Lewis said: “He sounded worried and was telling me things like ‘Mummy is not awake’, so I got an idea that it was a fairly serious matter.”

This is part of the “conversation” they had:

“Can I talk to Mummy please?”

“Mummy’s not well.”

“How old are you, sweetheart?”

“I got a clock.”

“Can I talk to Mummy?”

“I can’t get my Mummy.”

“Where is she?”

“On the floor. Mummy’s had a fit （昏厥）.”

“Do you live in Kallangur?”

“We’ve got milk in the fridge and, um, (pause) I can’t find the ambulance (crying), Mummy, Mum ... Mum ... Mum ...”

Mrs McDonald, who was making a cup of tea when she collapsed, was taken to hospital and allowed to leave the same night. “After hearing what he did I thought, no, that can’t be right,” Jeanine McDonald said. “But I’m so proud.”

72. In Australia, people will call 000 when they _____.

   A. are diagnosed with a serious illness

   B. are looking for a job

   C. need emergency help in the event of health problem

   D. need to find someone to take care of their children

73. Why did Sasha Lewis talk with Aiden on the phone so long?

   A. She tried to comfort Aiden and calm him down.

   B. She tried to get as much information as possible.

   C. Aiden was too slow in speaking on the phone.

   D. Aiden was too nervous to describe what was happening.

74. Jeanine McDonald received medical help about _____ after she suddenly became unconscious.

   A. 10 minutes     B. 20 minutes           C. 30 minutes       D. one hour

75. The most useful lesson that parents learn from the story is that _____.

   A. it’s important to teach children to respond properly in serious situations

  B. it’s important to teach children to use the phone

  C. they should build a parent-child relationship based on love and trust

  D. they should believe that children have the abilities to solve their own problems