The stone on the river bank rolled under her feet； she was _____into the river，and she called out for help.　

A. being jumped 　 B. jumped

　 C. pulled 　 D. being pulled

Humans are social animals. They live in groups all over the world. As these groups of people live apart form other groups, over the years and centuries they develop their own habits and ideas, which from different cultures. One important particular side of every culture is how its people deal with time.

Time is not very important in nonindustrial societies. The Nuer people of East Africa, for example, do not even have a word TIME that is in agreement with the abstract thing we call time. The daily lives of the people of such nonindustrial societies are likely to be patterned around their physical needs and natural events rather than around a time schedule(时间表) based on the clock. They cook and eat when they are hungry and sleep when the sun goes down. They plant crops during the growing seasons and harvest them when the crops are ripe. They measure time not by a clock or calendar(日历), but by saying that an event takes place before or after some other event. Frequently such a society measures days in terms of "sleeps" or longer periods in terms of "moons". Some cultures, such as the Eskimos of Greenland measure seasons according to the migration(迁徙) of certain animals.

Some cultures which do not have a written language or keep written records have developed interesting ways of "telling time". For example, when several Australian aborigines(土著居民) want to plan an event for a future time, one of them places a stone on a cliff or in a tree. Each day the angle of the sun changes slightly. In a few days, the rays of the sun strike the stone in a certain way. When this happens, the people see that the agreed-upon time has arrived and the event can take place.

In contrast(成对比), exactly correct measurement of time is very important in modern, industrialized societies. This is because industrialized societies require the helpful efforts of many people in order to work. For a factory to work efficiently (well, quickly and without waste),for example, all of the workers must work at the same time. Therefore, they must know what time to start work in the morning and what time they may go home in the afternoon. Passengers must know the exact time that an airplane will arrive or depart. Students and teachers need to know when a class starts and ends. Stores must open on time in order to serve their customers. Complicated (复杂的) societies need clocks and calendars. Thus, we can see that if each person worked according to his or her own schedule, a complicated society could hardly work at all.

By saying "Humans are social animals",the author means________.

A. they live all over the world

B. they are different from other animals

C. they live in one place, district or country, considered as a whole

D. they are divided into many groups

Time is not very important in non-industrial societies, because peoplein those societies________.

A. don't have the word TIME in their languages

B. don't get used to using clocks and other timepieces

C. don't measure time in their daily lives around an exact time schedule

D. don't need to plan their daily lives around an exact time schedule

The Australian aborigines' way of"telling time" is based on________.

A. the change of the sun rays            B. the movement of the earth in relation to the sun

C. the position of the stone             D. the position of the tree or the cliff

Which of the following might be the best title for this passage?

A. Time and Culture                  B. The Measurment of Time

C. Time Schedule and Daily Life        D. Clock,Calendar and Society

Before a new type of airplane goes into service, every part of it is tested again and again. But there are two tests that are more important than all the others.
The first is called the " tank(贮水池) test". A modem airplane must fly very high in the sky. Air must be pumped into the plane so that the passengers can breathe. The metal structure (结构)of the plane has to be very strong for this reason. When the plane is filled with air, the air presses against the skin of the plane inside. The pressure (压力) on a small window is like a huge foot that is try­ing to get out. If a small part of the plane were to fail, the plane would explode (爆炸)in the sky. To test the structure of the plane, the plane is lowered into a huge tank or container of water. Then it is filled with air.  The pressure inside the plane is greater than it ever will be when it is high up in the air. Finally, there is an explosion. This does not cause so much damage inside the water tank as it would anywhere else. Engineers can discover which part of the plane has broken. Then that part is made stronger. 
The most dangerous test happens when the new plane is going through test flights in the air. The pilot must find out exactly what happens when the engines (发动机) are all shut off at once. The plane begins to fall like a stone. It is the pilot’s job to find out how he can get control of the plane again. These two tests are examples of how planes are made safe before they ever carry passengers.
【小题1】By doing the "tank test", the engineers can find out _______.

Upon waking up, Jim found himself lying on a stretch of sandy shore with his face half-buried in the sand.  He found, that his clothes had been almost torn apart.  His arms ached and his body was heavy like stone.  Before he could stand up, he was brought to his knees due to exhaustion.  As he lay on the sand, he began to study the environment for signs of human activities.  But there was nothing except for a few trees and some stones within eyesight.
He remembered how, a few hours before, he had still been struggling for survival in the vast South China Sea.  The boat that had carried his friends and him out to sea for a fun fishing trip had run into a terrible storm.  James, who was the captain of the boat, and had been at the wheel, lost control of the boat.  The boat moved from side to side in the storm.  Suddenly, it hit a sharp object, most probably a rock from the sea and was wrecked.
Jim could not remember how he had managed to drift onto land.  His friends were not in sight.  He was saddened by the fact that they might have all drowned.  Then he suddenly saw a thin column of smoke on the far side of a hill.  “Could it be a house?”  Jim asked himself.  Even if it wasn’t, it gave him some fresh hope of surviving the ordeal that he was going through.  He struggled on towards the place from where the smoke was rising.
Finally, he found himself at the top of the hill.  He saw a little green valley dotted with a few huts and trees in the sun.  His eyes were not playing tricks on him.  There was a village located at the bottom of the valley.  The sight gave him renewed hope.  He began to run toward the village with his last ounce of energy.
68. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Jim found himself in a desert when he woke up.
B. Jim and his friends were fishing at South China Sea.
C. Jim lost control of the boat he and his friends were in.
D. The boat hit a rock but kept steady.
69. Jim struggled toward the place of the smoke probably because ______.
A. he was afraid of being too near the sea
B. he thought his friends might be in the place of the smoke
C. the smoke implied human activities
D. All of the above.
70. What does the underlined word “ordeal” in the third paragraph probably mean?
A. bad weather        B. order   C. suffering      D. ideal state
71. According to the passage, what is NOT TRUE about Jim?
A. He survived a terrible sea storm.
B. He had the feeling that his friends survived the wreckage.
C. At first he didn’t find signs of humans but then he saw a smoke rising.
D. He finally found a village at the bottom of a valley.

Recently some American scientists have given a useful sincere piece of advice to people in industrialized nations that they would be much healthier if they ate more of the same kind of food eaten by humans living more than 10,000 years ago.

The scientists say that the human body has changed very little since humans first appeared on the earth, but the way we live has changed greatly. Our body has not been able to deal with these changes in life style and this has led to new kinds of sicknesses. These new sicknesses were not known in ancient times, so they are called “diseases of civilization”. Many cancers and diseases of the blood system, including heart attacks and strokes ( 中风 ) are examples of such diseases.

Scientists noted that people in both the Old Stone Age and the New Stone Age enjoyed very little alcohol or tobacco, probably none. Ancient people also got a great deal of physical exercise, but a change in food is one of the main differences between life in ancient times and that of today.

Stone-age people hunted wild animals for their meat, which had much less fat than domestic or tame ones ( 家畜 ). They also ate a lot of fresh wild vegetables and fruits. They didn’t have milk or any other dairy products, and they made very little use of grains. But today, we eat a large amount of these. We eat six times more salt than our remote ancestors. We eat more sugar. We eat twice as much fat but only one third as much protein and much less vitamin C.

People today probably do not want to live the way people thousands of years ago did, but scientists say that we would be much healthier if we ate much the same way as remote ancestors did, cutting the amount of fatty, salty and sweet food.

1.What is the main cause that people suffer from a lot of new sicknesses?

A. Ancient people did a great deal of physical exercise.

B. People today have a lot of alcohol.

C. People today have more tobacco.

D. Food today is quite different from that of ancient times.

2.Which of the following belongs to the dairy products?

A. Milk              B. Corn     C. Pork             D. Flour

3. New kinds of sicknesses have been found because ________.

A. the human body has changed compared with humans who first appeared on the earth

B. the way we live has changed a little

C. our body can’t deal with the changes in life style

D. the way we live today is proper for the human body

4. According to some scientists, Stone-age people were much healthier than people today because they ate a lot of ________.

A. milk and other dairy products                         B. salt and sugar

C. wild animals, fresh wild vegetables and fruits     D. grain foods