B
Economists usually study markets．Now，two Americans have won the Nobel Prize in economics for not studying markets．They will share almost one and a half million dollars for their analysis of economic governance(治理)．The winners are Elinor Ostrom of Indiana University in Bloomington and Oliver Williamson of the University of California，Berkeley．The prize in economic sciences has gone to 63 men since it was first awarded 40 years ago．Elinor Ostrom is the first woman．And，like other winners over the years，her training is not limited to economics．She is a professor of political science and of public and environmental affairs．
Today，economic theory suggests that good resource management requires ownership，either private or public．If not，the thinking goes，then self-interest will lead to overuse and destruction of shared resources．Ecologist Garrett Hardin described this idea in 1968 as“the tragedy of the commons．”
Elinor Ostrom showed how local decision making can lessen the tragedy．Her research has deepened understanding of how people balance their needs with those of others who depend on the same resources．    
She studied communities like farmers in Southern  California who depended on a common water supply． She documented how people who use resources often develop ways to share them．One example is forest management．She says，“One of the absolutely key，most important variables(变量)as to
whether or not a forest survives and continues is whether local people monitor each other and its use．Not officials，locals．”
Oliver Williamson has studied big companies and found that they often are better than markets at doing complex jobs．Under his theory，businesses act as structures for conflict resolution．
For example，companies that own their suppliers can avoid long-term contracts and disputes over prices．This can make production more efficient and make better use of limited resources．But businesses can also abuse their power．Professor Williamson says the best way to deal with this is not by limiting the size of companies，but through industry regulation．
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said economists need to do more than study markets and prices．The Nobel judges urged more research like the kind they recognized with this year’s award．
60．According to Elinor Ostrom，                ．
A．the tragedy of the commons is caused by local decision
B．private ownership can cause the tragedy of the commons
C．overuse of shared resources can cause the tragedy of the commons
D．it is not the officials but the local people who can do something to avoid the tragedy
61．This year’s Nobel Prize for economics is shared by        ．
A．Elinor Ostrom and Oliver Williamson   B．Elinor Ostrom and Garrett Hardin
C．Oliver Williamson and Garrett Hardin   D．63 economic scientists
62．Professor Williamson proved that long-term contracts and disputes over prices can be
avoided by big companies by                  ．
A．1imiting the size of other companies
B．providing sufficient production
C．sharing resources with their own suppliers
D．setting up their own industry regulation
63．Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage?
A．Two American Economists Won the Nobel Prize for Studying Markets．
B．Researchers of Economic Governance Won the Nobel Prize for Economics．
C．First Woman to Win the Nobel Prize for Economic Strategies．
D．The Tragedy of the Commons and the Big Businesses．

B

    Economists usually study markets．Now，two Americans have won the Nobel Prize in economics for not studying markets．They will share almost one and a half million dollars for their analysis of economic governance(治理)．The winners are Elinor Ostrom of Indiana University in Bloomington and Oliver Williamson of the University of California，Berkeley．The prize in economic sciences has gone to 63 men since it was first awarded 40 years ago．Elinor Ostrom is the first woman．And，like other winners over the years，her training is not limited to economics．She is a professor of political science and of public and environmental affairs．

    Today，economic theory suggests that good resource management requires ownership，either private or public．If not，the thinking goes，then self-interest will lead to overuse and destruction of shared resources．Ecologist Garrett Hardin described this idea in 1968 as“the tragedy of the commons．”

    Elinor Ostrom showed how local decision making can lessen the tragedy．Her research has deepened understanding of how people balance their needs with those of others who depend on the same resources．    

    She studied communities like farmers in Southern  California who depended on a common water supply． She documented how people who use resources often develop ways to share them．One example is forest management．She says，“One of the absolutely key，most important variables(变量)as to

whether or not a forest survives and continues is whether local people monitor each other and its use．Not officials，locals．”

    Oliver Williamson has studied big companies and found that they often are better than markets at doing complex jobs．Under his theory，businesses act as structures for conflict resolution．

    For example，companies that own their suppliers can avoid long-term contracts and disputes over prices．This can make production more efficient and make better use of limited resources．But businesses can also abuse their power．Professor Williamson says the best way to deal with this is not by limiting the size of companies，but through industry regulation．

  The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said economists need to do more than study markets and prices．The Nobel judges urged more research like the kind they recognized with this year’s award．

60．According to Elinor Ostrom，                 ．

      A．the tragedy of the commons is caused by local decision

      B．private ownership can cause the tragedy of the commons

      C．overuse of shared resources can cause the tragedy of the commons

      D．it is not the officials but the local people who can do something to avoid the tragedy

61．This year’s Nobel Prize for economics is shared by         ．

    A．Elinor Ostrom and Oliver Williamson   B．Elinor Ostrom and Garrett Hardin

    C．Oliver Williamson and Garrett Hardin   D．63 economic scientists

62．Professor Williamson proved that long-term contracts and disputes over prices can be

      avoided by big companies by                   ．

      A．1imiting the size of other companies

      B．providing sufficient production

      C．sharing resources with their own suppliers

      D．setting up their own industry regulation

63．Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage?

      A．Two American Economists Won the Nobel Prize for Studying Markets．

      B．Researchers of Economic Governance Won the Nobel Prize for Economics．

      C．First Woman to Win the Nobel Prize for Economic Strategies．

      D．The Tragedy of the Commons and the Big Businesses．

What will power your house in the future? Nuclear, wind, or solar power? According to scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US, it might be leaves –but artificial ones.
Natural leaves are able to change sunlight and water into energy. It is known as photosynthesis (光合作用). Now researchers have found a way to imitate this seemingly simple process.
The artificial leaf developed by Daniel Nocera and his colleagues at MIT can be seen as a special silicon chip (硅片) with catalysts (催化剂). Similar to natural leaves, it can split water into hydrogen and oxygen when put into a bucket of water. The hydrogen and oxygen gases are then stored in a fuel cell (电池), which uses those two materials to produce electricity, located either on top of a house or beside the house.
Though the leaf is only about the shape of a poker card, scientists claimed that it is promising to be an inexpensive source of electricity in developing countries. “One can imagine villages in India and Africa not long from now purchasing an affordable basic power system based on this technology,” said Docera at a conference of the American Chemical Society.
An artificial leaf is not a new idea. The first artificial leaf was invented in 1997 but was too expensive and unstable for practical use. The new leaf, by contrast, is made of cheap materials, easy to use and highly stable. In laboratory studies, Nocera showed that an artificial leaf prorotype (原型) could operate continuously for at least 45 hours without a drop in activity.
The wonderful improvements come from Nocera’s recent discovery of several powerful new, inexpensive catalysts. These catalysts make the energy transformation (转换) inside the leaf more efficient with water and sunlight. Right now, the new leaf is about 10 times more efficient at carrying out photosynthesis than a natural one. Besides, the device can run in whatever water is available; that is, it doesn’t need pure water. This is important for some countries that don’t have access to pure water.
With the goal to “make each home its own power station” and “giving energy to the poor”, scientists believe that the new application could be widely used in developing countries, especially in India and rural China.
【小题1】Which of the following order correctly shows how the artificial leaf is used to produce electricity?
a. artificial leaves split water into hydrogen and oxygen
b. the hydrogen and oxygen gases are stored in a fuel cell
c. the artificial leaves are put in water
d. the fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity

    Economists usually study markets．Now，two Americans have won the Nobel Prize in economics for not studying markets．They will share almost one and a half million dollars for their analysis of economic governance(治理)．The winners are Elinor Ostrom of Indiana University in Bloomington and Oliver Williamson of the University of California，Berkeley．The prize in economic sciences has gone to 63 men since it was first awarded 40 years ago．Elinor Ostrom is the first woman．And，like other winners over the years，her training is not limited to economics．She is a professor of political science and of public and environmental affairs．

    Today，economic theory suggests that good resource management requires ownership，either private or public．If not，the thinking goes，then self-interest will lead to overuse and destruction of shared resources．Ecologist Garrett Hardin described this idea in 1968 as“the tragedy of the commons．”

    Elinor Ostrom showed how local decision making can lessen the tragedy．Her research has deepened understanding of how people balance their needs with those of others who depend on the same resources．    

    She studied communities like farmers in Southern  California who depended on a common water supply． She documented how people who use resources often develop ways to share them．One example is forest management．She says，“One of the absolutely key，most important variables(变量)as to

whether or not a forest survives and continues is whether local people monitor each other and its use．Not officials，locals．”

    Oliver Williamson has studied big companies and found that they often are better than markets at doing complex jobs．Under his theory，businesses act as structures for conflict resolution．

    For example，companies that own their suppliers can avoid long-term contracts and disputes over prices．This can make production more efficient and make better use of limited resources．But businesses can also abuse their power．Professor Williamson says the best way to deal with this is not by limiting the size of companies，but through industry regulation．

  The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said economists need to do more than study markets and prices．The Nobel judges urged more research like the kind they recognized with this year’s award．

60．According to Elinor Ostrom，                 ．

      A．the tragedy of the commons is caused by local decision

      B．private ownership can cause the tragedy of the commons

      C．overuse of shared resources can cause the tragedy of the commons

      D．it is not the officials but the local people who can do something to avoid the tragedy

61．This year’s Nobel Prize for economics is shared by         ．

    A．Elinor Ostrom and Oliver Williamson   B．Elinor Ostrom and Garrett Hardin

    C．Oliver Williamson and Garrett Hardin   D．63 economic scientists

62．Professor Williamson proved that long-term contracts and disputes over prices can be

      avoided by big companies by                   ．

      A．1imiting the size of other companies

      B．providing sufficient production

      C．sharing resources with their own suppliers

      D．setting up their own industry regulation

63．Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage?

      A．Two American Economists Won the Nobel Prize for Studying Markets．

      B．Researchers of Economic Governance Won the Nobel Prize for Economics．

      C．First Woman to Win the Nobel Prize for Economic Strategies．

      D．The Tragedy of the Commons and the Big Businesses．

What will power your house in the future? Nuclear, wind, or solar power? According to scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US, it might be leaves –but artificial ones.
Natural leaves are able to change sunlight and water into energy. It is known as photosynthesis (光合作用). Now researchers have found a way to imitate this seemingly simple process.
The artificial leaf developed by Daniel Nocera and his colleagues at MIT can be seen as a special silicon chip (硅片) with catalysts (催化剂). Similar to natural leaves, it can split water into hydrogen and oxygen when put into a bucket of water. The hydrogen and oxygen gases are then stored in a fuel cell (电池), which uses those two materials to produce electricity, located either on top of a house or beside the house.
Though the leaf is only about the shape of a poker card, scientists claimed that it is promising to be an inexpensive source of electricity in developing countries. “One can imagine villages in India and Africa not long from now purchasing an affordable basic power system based on this technology,” said Docera at a conference of the American Chemical Society.
An artificial leaf is not a new idea. The first artificial leaf was invented in 1997 but was too expensive and unstable for practical use. The new leaf, by contrast, is made of cheap materials, easy to use and highly stable. In laboratory studies, Nocera showed that an artificial leaf prorotype (原型) could operate continuously for at least 45 hours without a drop in activity.
The wonderful improvements come from Nocera’s recent discovery of several powerful new, inexpensive catalysts. These catalysts make the energy transformation (转换) inside the leaf more efficient with water and sunlight. Right now, the new leaf is about 10 times more efficient at carrying out photosynthesis than a natural one. Besides, the device can run in whatever water is available; that is, it doesn’t need pure water. This is important for some countries that don’t have access to pure water.
With the goal to “make each home its own power station” and “giving energy to the poor”, scientists believe that the new application could be widely used in developing countries, especially in India and rural China.

1. 1.

   Which of the following order correctly shows how the artificial leaf is used to produce electricity?
   a. artificial leaves split water into hydrogen and oxygen
   b. the hydrogen and oxygen gases are stored in a fuel cell
   c. the artificial leaves are put in water
   d. the fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity

   1. A.
      cbad
   2. B.
      cabd
   3. C.
      bcad
   4. D.
      cadb
2. 2.

   Which of the following statements about new artificial leaves is TRUE according to the article?

   1. A.
      They are inexpensive but unstable.
   2. B.
      They are as efficient at carrying out photosynthesis as natural leaves.
   3. C.
      They can work only in pure water.
   4. D.
      They need several catalysts to help them work efficiently.
3. 3.

   The aim of the scientists at MIT in developing the new artificial leaves is to         .

   1. A.
      build-up more power stations in the world
   2. B.
      provide cheaper energy for developing countries
   3. C.
      offer people in developing countries access to pure water
   4. D.
      gain a deeper understanding of the photosynthesis process
4. 4.

   What is the main point of the article?

   1. A.
      Introduction to the history of artificial leaves.
   2. B.
      An invention copying photosynthesis.
   3. C.
      Giving energy to the poor.
   4. D.
      A mixture of water power and solar energy.