（12分）阅读材料，回答下列问题。
材料一 古者以天下为主，君为客，凡君之所毕世而经营者，为天下也。今也以君为主，天下为客，凡天下之无地而得安宁者，为君也。……然则为天下之大害者，君而已矣。……世儒不察，以工商为末，妄议抑之；夫工固圣王之所欲来，商又使其愿出于途者，盖皆本也。
——黄宗羲《明夷待访录》
材料二 孟德斯鸠在《论法的精神》中明确提出“三权分立”理论：在一个自由的国家里，立法权应该由人民集体享有，人民必须通过自己选出的代表组成立法机关制定法律或监督它所制定的法律的执行。贵族应组成团体和平民团体同时享有立法权，二者有各自的议会。但是贵族的团体是世袭的，在立法上只有反对权，不应有创制权。立法、司法和行政这三种权力既要分立，又要互相制约。行政权应掌握在国王手中，因为政府各部门时时需要采取急速的行动，一个人管理比由几个人管理要好。行政机关有权制止立法机关的越权行为，否则立法机关就要变成专制。行政也应通过它的“反对权”来参与立法。司法权应由选自人民阶层中的人员组成法院，依照法律规定的方式来行使，它不为某一特定阶级或某一特定职业所专有。
（1）根据材料一并结合知识，概括出明清之际进步思想的历史地位和依据。（4分）
（2）根据材料并结合所学知识，慨括指出两位思想家的共同思想主张及法国启蒙思想的侧重点。（4分）
（3）指出以盂德斯鸠为代表的法国启蒙思想在促进社会变革方面的作用。（4分）

1．活动_________      2．生气的_________    3．相信_________       4．队长_________

5．角落_________      6．文化_________       7．昂贵的_________    8．打架_________

9．地理_________      10．习惯_________     11．重的_________     12．百_________

13．药_________       14．瞬间_________     15．博物馆_________  16．北方的_________

17．结果_________     18．形势_________     19．车站_________     20．传统的_________

(根据汉语完成句子) 我们的政府正在努力拯救大熊猫。

　　Our government is working hard _______ _______ _______．

　　本篇大意是：木匠约翰给主人公的妻子做了一个小饭桌，结账时的账单上把成本费17.00、油漆料钱1.50、工价8.00和日期10一起相加，多计价10元，结果被主人发现了，但他并没有直接批评多要钱的木匠，只是诙谐地说：“月底30日做比月初10日做，还要贵些，是不是？”而且只付了木匠应得到的26.50元钱．很明显，本篇比上篇更难些，因上篇中主人公怀特和厂家双方处理的问题是直接的，直言不讳，而本篇中的主人公却是明人做暗事，肚内藏机关，木匠虽然诡谲，主人却更机灵，一眼看穿了木匠的把戏，但他处理问题颇有技巧，既解决问题，不多花钱，又不搞得很僵，双方不快，体现了现代生意场中的交往策略和洽谈风格．我国正在建设社会主义市场经济，这是法制化、规范化的市场经济，反对不正当的竞争．此文有一定的现实意义，文中的内容联系着当代的社会生活，通过英语试卷，同样可以检验学生：的审视能力．

　　Our village carpenter(木匠), John Hill, came one day and made a dining table for my wife. He made it just the right size to fill the space between the two windows. When I got home that evening, John was drinking a cup of tea and writing out his bill(账单) for the job.

　　My wife said to me, quietly, “That's his ninth cup of tea today.” But she said, in a loud voice, “It's a beautiful table, dear, isn't it?”

　　“I'll decide about that when I see the bill,” I said.

　　John laughed and gave me his bill for the work. I read:

　　When I was looking at the bill, John said, “It's been a fine day, hasn't it? Quite sunny.”

　　“Yes,” I said. “I'm glad it's only the 10th of November.”

　　“Me, too,” said John. “You wait-it'll be a lot colder by the end of the month.”

　　“Yes. Colder-and more expensive! Dining tables will be ￡20 more expensive on November 30th, won't they, John?”

　　John looked hard at me for half a minute. Was there a little smile in his two blue eyes? I gave his bill back to him.

　　“If it isn't too much trouble, John,” I said, “please add it up again. You can forget the date.”

　　I paid him ￡26.50 and he was happy to get it.

1．Why did John talk about the weather when the writer was looking at the bill?

A Because he didn't want the writer to go through the bill carefully.

B．Because it was really a fine day.

C．Because he wanted the writer to check the bill carefully.

D．Because he wanted to tell the writer what the weather was like.

2．Why did the writer say that dining tables would be ￡ 20 more expensive on November 30th?

[　　]

A．Because it was difficult to make dining tables in cold weather.

B．Because paint would be more expensive.

C．Because the cost of wood would be more expensive.

D．Because he thought John would almost certainly add the date to the cost of the dining table.

3．The writer thought John would ask for ________ if he made a dining table on the last day of November.

[　　]

4．When the writer gave him the money, John was happy because ________.

[　　]

A．he got what he should get for his work

B．he got much more money for his work

C．he got the money easily

D．he didn't have to add up the costs again

5．From the story we know that ________.

[　　]

A．John made a mistake in the bill

B．John tried to fool the writer in order to get more money for his work

C．John had written out the bill before the writer got home

D．John still wanted to get ￡36.50 for his work in the end