When an animal helps another animal, it usually gets something valuable in return. For a long time, many scientists thought that only people could act generously just because it feels good.
However, a new study in Germany suggests that chimpanzees (黑猩猩)also do good things for no real reason. And so do children who are as young as 18 months of age. Maybe it is because humans and chimpanzees share an ancestor(祖先) about 6 million years ago.
People and chimpanzees appear to develop such features(特征) without any other training, says Warneken, a scientist in Germany. Warneken and his partners worked on adult chimpanzees that live on an island in the African country of Uganda. They also worked with 18-month-old children in Germany. The researchers performed three experiments on the adult chimpanzees and two experiments on the kids. In the first animal experiment，a person tried to reach his arm into a cage to get a stick，but he couldn’t reach it. A chimpanzee was in the cage，and it could reach the stick if it wanted to.
Thirty-six chimpanzees took part in this experiment one by one, and no chimpanzee saw what the other chimpanzees had done. Even though the animals hadn’t met the person before, they usually took the stick and gave it to the person. What’s more, they did this whether or not the person offered them bananas as a reward. In a similar experiment, 36 children acted in a similar way. They helped the person reach the stick, whether or not they were offered toys for their help.
Researchers did other experiments on chimpanzees and babies. No rewards were offered in either experiment. And still, both the chimpanzees and children went out of their way to help. Still, the new study is different from earlier findings. Researchers have found that chimpanzees don’t give rewards of food to other chimpanzees, even if it costs them nothing to be generous.
【小题1】Warneken and his partners worked with ________.

Do you know why different animals or pests(昆虫)have their special colors? Colors in them seem to be used mainly to protect themselves.

    Some birds like eating locusts(蝗虫), but birds cannot easily catch them. Why? It is because locusts change their colors together with the change of colors of crops(庄稼). When crops are green, locusts look green. But as the harvest time comes, locusts change to the same brown color as crops have. Some other pests with different colors from plants are easily found and eaten by others. So they have to hide themselves for lives and appear only at night.

    If you study the animal life, you’ll find the main use of coloring is to protect themselves. Bears, lions and other animals move quietly through forests. They cannot be easily seen by hunters(猎人). This is because they have the colors much like the trees.

    Have you ever noticed an even stranger act? A kind of fish in the sea can send out a kind of very black liquid(液体)when it faces danger. While the liquid spreads over(散开), its enemies(敌人)cannot find it. And it immediately swims away. So it has lived up to now though it is not strong at all.

1.From the passage we learn that locusts _______.

   A. are small animals                      B. are easily found by birds

   C. are dangerous to their enemies            D. change their colors to protect themselves

2.How can pests with different colors from plants keep out of danger?

   A. They run away quickly.

   B. They have the colors much like their enemies.

   C. They hide themselves by day and appear at night.

   D. They have to move quietly.

3.Bears and lions can keep safe because _______.

   A. they have the colors much like the trees   B. they move quietly

   C. they like brown and gray colors            D. they live in forests

4.Why can the kind of fish live up to now?

A. Because it is very strong.  

B. Because the liquid it sends out can help it escape from its enemies

C. Because the liquid it sends out can kill its enemies.

D. Because it swims faster than any other fish.

5.Which is the best title for this passage?

   A. The Change of Colors for Animals and Pests   B. Colors of Different Animals and Pests

   C. The Main Use of Colors for Animals and Pests  D. Some Animals and Pests

Do animals have a culture? What do we mean by "culture"? Recently social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have a culture too.  When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life that a group of people have in common. Culture is the forms of behavior (行为)hat help people to live together. It is also the forms of behavior that make one group of people different from another group.
Human beings use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate with language.  But these aspects(方面) of human behavior, or "culture", can also be found in the lives of certain animals, Animals can make tools, for example. We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals.  Lately, however, we have found that this is not the case. Chimpanzees(黑猩猩) can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. Animals can also share knowledge with each other and use their own language to communicate. So it may be important for us to know that the line dividing us from animals is not as clear as we used to think.
【小题1】According to the article, "culture" means         
A. the languages we learn            
B. the good habits we' share with each other
C. the forms of behavior we have in common
【小题2】From the fact that chimpanzees can use and make tools，we know         
A. animals may have a culture like our own
B. animals can be as clever as human beings
C. animals have the ability to help human beings
【小题3】Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the article?
A. Chimpanzees never help each other.
B' Animals use their own language to communicate.
C. People from different places have the same culture.
【小题4】The traditional idea about dividing animals from human beings is that         
A. human beings can use tools       
B. human beings can depend on each other
C. human beings have the language to communicate
【小题5】The main idea of the article is that         
A. the animal culture is different from the human culture
B. knowledge and communication are no longer signs of only human behavior
C. the line dividing human culture from animal culture is not as clear as we might think

If you go into the forest with friends, stay with them. If you don’t, you may get lost. Sit down and stay where you are. Don’t try to find your friends, but let them find you instead（相反）. You can help them find you by（通过）staying in one place. There is another way to help your friends or other people to find you. You can shout or whistle（吹口哨）three times. Stop for a while. Then shout or whistle three times again. Any signal（信号）given three times is a help.

Keep up shouting or whistling. Always three times together. When people hear you, they will know that you are not just making a noise for fun. They will let you know that they have heard your signal. They will give you two shouts or two whistles. When a signal is given twice, it is an answer to a call for help.

If you don’t think that you will get help before night comes, try to make a little house with branches（树枝）. Make yourself a bed with leaves and grass.

When you need some water, you have to leave your little branch house to look for it. Don’t just walk away. Pick off small branches and drop（扔下）them as you walk in order to（为了，以便于）go back again easily. When you are lost, the most important thing to do is stay in one place.

1. If you get lost in the forest, you should .

A. try to find your friends

B. stay in one place and make signals

C. walk around the forest

D. shout as loudly as possible

2. Which signal is a call for help?

A. Shouting here and there.

B. Crying and shouting twice.

C. Shouting or whistling three times together.

D. Whistling everywhere in the forest.

3. When you hear two shouts or two whistles, you know that .

A. someone is afraid of an animal.

B. people will come to help you.

C. someone needs help.

D. something terrible will happen.

4.Which of the following statement is RIGHT?

A. If you get lost in the forest, you should try your best to find your friends.

B. When you hear whistles for twice, that means someone needs help.

C. If you leave branches to look for water, you can find your way back easily.

D. When you are lost, the important thing to do is to cry.

5. What’s the meaning of the underlined sentence（画线句子）？

A. leave branches to find your way back.

B. Pick off branches to build another house.

C. Use branches to make a bed.

D. Drop branches to look for water.