阅读理解

　　There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence(个人的智力). The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Hunan brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual——the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped (妨碍) environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.

　　Demonstrated by the case history of the identical(完全相同的) twins, Peter and Mark X. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separated foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was reared to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environment difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Peter's I. Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.

(1)This selection can best be titled ________.

[　　]

A．Measuring Your Intelligence

B．Intelligence and Environment

C．The Case of Peter and Mark

D．How the Brian Influences Intelligence

(2)The best statement of the main idea of this passage is that ________.

[　　]

A．human brains differ considerably

B．the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligence

C．environment is crucial(决定性的) in determining a person's intelligence

D．persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence

(3)The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that ________.

[　　]

A．individuals with identical brains seldom test at the same level

B．an individual's intelligences is determined only by his environment

C．lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligence

D．changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brain

(4)This passage suggests that an individual's I. Q. ________.

[　　]

A．can be predicated at birth

B．stays the same throughout his life

C．can he increased by education

D．is determined by his childhood

It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years determine his character and later personality. Every ex- perience 　 1　 the child something and the effects are 　 2　 ."Upbringing" normally used to refer to the treatment and training of the child　　3　 the home. This is closely 　 4　 the treatment and training of the child in school, which is usually distinguished(区别)by the 　 5　　 "education". In a society such as ours, both 　 6　 and teachers are responsible for the chances provided for the development of the child, 　　7　 upbringing and education depend on each other.

The ideals and practices of child upbringing are different from culture to culture. 　 8　 , the more rural(农村的) the group, the more 　 9　 the customs of child upbringing. In more technologically developed societies, childhood and adolescence(青春期)are likely 　 10　 a long time,　　 11　 more chances for education and greater variety in 　 12　 development.

Early upbringing in the 　 13　 is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the group and by the parents' 　　14　 and their aims and depends not only on upbringing and education but also on the 　 15　 abilities of the child. Wide differences of intelligence(智力)and character 　 16　 even in children of the same family.

Parents can 　 17　 what is normal in physical, mental and social development, by 　 18　 some of the many books 　 19　 on scientific knowledge in these areas, or less dependable since the sample (实例)is smaller, by comparing 　 20　 with friends and relatives who have children.

1. A. takes B. affords C. teaches D. pays

2. A. dangerous B. limited C. immediate D. increasing

3. A. from B. for C. out of D. within

4. A. covered with B. devoted to C. made from D. related to

5. A. term B. time C. kind D. age

6. A. children B. parents C. students D. classmates

7. A. so that B. so long as C. because of D. even if

8. A. Surprisingly B. Beside C. Generally D. However

9. A. strange B. unchangeable C. unusual D. curious

10. A. to cover B. to change C. to spend D. to walk

11. A. resulting in B. beginning with C. hoping for D. waiting for

12. A. school B. parents C. character D. education

13. A. school B. home C. society D. world

14. A. meals B. luck C. ability D. room

15. A. wonderful B. poor C. named D. born

16. A. happen B. make C. exist D. hold

17. A. bring down B. find out C. work out D. make up

18. A. referring to B. looking into C. holding out D. taking up

19. A. called B. decided C. based D. carried

20. A. books B. letters C. notes D. answers

Andrew Carnegie, once the world’s richest person, was born in 1835 to a weaver’s family in Scotland. As a child, he was expected to follow his father’s profession. But the industrial revolution destroyed the weavers’ craft, and the family had to leave for new possibilities in America.

In 1848 the Carnegies arrived in Pittsburgh, then the iron-manufacturing center of the country. Young Carnegie took odd jobs at a cotton factory and later worked as a messenger boy in the telegraph office. He was often asked to deliver messages to the city theater, where he would stay to watch plays by great playwrights. He also spent most of his leisure hours in a small library that a local benefactor（捐助者） made available to working boys.

After the Civil War, Carnegie saw great potential in the iron industry. He devoted himself to the replacement of wooden bridges with stronger iron ones and earned a fortune. He further introduced a new steel refining process to convert iron into steel. By 1900, Carnegie Steel produced more of the metal than all of Great Britain.

However, Carnegie often expressed his uneasiness with the businessman’s life. Wishing to spend more time receiving instruction and reading systematically, he once wrote, “If I were to continue much longer in the state of being overwhelmed by business cares and with most of my thoughts wholly upon the way to make more money in the shortest time, it would degrade me beyond hope of permanent recovery.” The strong desire for intellectual（智力的） pursuit led him to sell his company and retire at 64.

Fond of saying that “the man who dies rich dies disgraced,” Carnegie then turned his attention to giving away his fortune. He abhorred charity; instead, he used his money to help others help themselves. He established over 2,500 public libraries, and sponsored numerous cultural, educational and scientific institutions. By the time he died in 1919, he had given away 350 million dollars.

1．Andrew Carnegie moved to the United States because         .

       A．his father was offered a good job in Pittsburgh

       B．he did not want to follow his father’s profession

       C．there were serious political problems in Scotland

       D．his family could not make a good living in their hometown

2．When did Carnegie begin to show his interest in artistic and intellectual pursuit?

       A．After he retired from his business.

       B．When he was a young boy back in Scotland.

       D．When he worked as a messenger boy in Pittsburgh.

3．Which of the following best characterizes how Carnegie managed his business?

       A．He was willing to make new changes.

       B．He set out to beat all t he other competitors.

       C．He was happy to make more money in the shortest time.

       D．He did not hesitate in making investments in his hometown.

4．The underlined word “abhorred” is closest in meaning to         .

       A．hated                  B．enjoyed               C．practiced             D．encouraged

5．How did Carnegie handle his fortune after his retirement?

       A．He left it to his family and friends after he died.

       B．He gave it to poor people and charity organizations.

       C．He used it to support organizations of higher learning.

       D．He invested it in developing new technology in steel refinement.

阅读下面的短文，然后按要求写一篇 150 词左右的英语短文。
There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerable, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual — the sort of the environment in which he is brought up. If an individual is handicapped(受阻碍) environmentally, it is likely that his brain will stop to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.
The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be proved by the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster(寄养) homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. John, however, was educated in the home well-to-do parents who had been to college. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. John’s IQ was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his brother.
[写作内容]
(1)以约30个词概括短文的要点；
(2)然后以约120个词就“环境与人的智力发展”的主题发表看法，并包括如下要点：
a)你是否赞同“环境决定智力的发展”这一观点？为什么？
b)请举出具体事例说明你的观点；
c)你认为如何才能最大限度地发展智力？
[写作要求]
(1)可以参照阅读材料的篇章结构，组织故事，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
(2)标题自定。
[评分标准]
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。