Between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, some humans discontinued their wandering hunting and gathering and settled down to farm. Grain was the first domesticated crop that started that farming process.

The oldest proven records of brewing are about 6,000 years old and refer to the Sumerians. Sumeria lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers including Southern Mesopotamia. It is said that the Sumerians discovered the fermentation (发酵) process by chance. No one knows today exactly how this occurred, but it could be that a piece of bread or grain became wet and a short time later, it began to ferment.

The Sumerians were able to repeat this process and are assumed to be the first civilized culture to brew beer. They had discovered a “divine drink” which certainly was a gift from the gods. The word beer comes from the Latin word bibere, meaning “to drink”, and the Spanish word cerveza originates from the Greek goddess of agriculture, Ceres.

A vitamin-rich porridge, used daily, beer is reported to have increased health and longevity and reduced disease and malnutrition (营养不良). The self-medicating properties of alcohol-rich beer also eased the tensions and stresses of daily living in a hostile world. The use of yeast (酵母) was not yet known at that time. The success of the fermentation process was left to chance, as the brewers unknowingly relied on yeast particles in the air.

Considerable scientific research took place in breweries (酿酒厂) in the 19th century. A famous work from 1876 by Louis Pasteur was Studies Concerning Beer where he revealed his knowledge of micro-organisms. By establishing that yeast is a living microorganism, Pasteur opened the gates for accurately controlling the conversion (转换) of sugar to alcohol.

Another discovery in beer brewing was the work of Christian Hansen, a Danish scientist, who successfully isolated a single yeast cell and induced it to reproduce on an artificial culture medium. With the resulting yeast multiplication (繁殖) methods, the purity of the fermenting process has been improved.

1.According to the passage, who was the first to brew beer?

A．The Greeks.	B．Christian Hansen.
C．Louis Pasteur.	D．The Sumerians.

2.The last two paragraphs mainly talk about 　　   　 .

A．the function of micro-organisms

B．the success of the fermentation process

C．two scientific discoveries about brewing

D．the results of yeast multiplication methods

3.According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?

A．Grain was the first crop used to brew beer.

B．There are some yeast particles in the air.

C．The word “beer” originates from Latin.

D．Modern beer contains more alcoholic.

4.Which would be the best title for the text?

A．The beer culture.	B．The history of beer.
C．The earliest brewery.	D．Methods of brewing beer.

 

　　　　   Dinner on Children’s Day

    On Children’s Day last year, our city held an interested

1.________

activity, in which children and their parents play the rich

2.________

and the poor. In the dinner, the rich could have more delicious

3.________

food, but the poor could only have breads with porridge(粥).

4.________

    Parents both hoped to have the dinner for the poor with the

5.________

children. They hoped that their children could be

taught the

6.________

lesson from the dinner.

　　 Now many people on earth don’t have enough food and clothes.

7.________

Every day only one half the world could enjoy enough food.

8. ________

The activity was help to make the families understand the

9.________

differences from the poor and the rich and also make the parents

10.________

know that too much material life won’t always do good to the children.

 

 

Between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, some humans discontinued their wandering hunting and gathering and settled down to farm. Grain was the first domesticated crop that started that farming process.
The oldest proven records of brewing are about 6,000 years old and refer to the Sumerians. Sumeria lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers including Southern Mesopotamia. It is said that the Sumerians discovered the fermentation (发酵) process by chance. No one knows today exactly how this occurred, but it could be that a piece of bread or grain became wet and a short time later, it began to ferment.
The Sumerians were able to repeat this process and are assumed to be the first civilized culture to brew beer. They had discovered a “divine drink” which certainly was a gift from the gods. The word beer comes from the Latin word bibere, meaning “to drink”, and the Spanish word cerveza originates from the Greek goddess of agriculture, Ceres.
A vitamin-rich porridge, used daily, beer is reported to have increased health and longevity and reduced disease and malnutrition (营养不良). The self-medicating properties of alcohol-rich beer also eased the tensions and stresses of daily living in a hostile world. The use of yeast (酵母) was not yet known at that time. The success of the fermentation process was left to chance, as the brewers unknowingly relied on yeast particles in the air.
Considerable scientific research took place in breweries (酿酒厂) in the 19th century. A famous work from 1876 by Louis Pasteur was Studies Concerning Beer where he revealed his knowledge of micro-organisms. By establishing that yeast is a living microorganism, Pasteur opened the gates for accurately controlling the conversion (转换) of sugar to alcohol.
Another discovery in beer brewing was the work of Christian Hansen, a Danish scientist, who successfully isolated a single yeast cell and induced it to reproduce on an artificial culture medium. With the resulting yeast multiplication (繁殖) methods, the purity of the fermenting process has been improved.
【小题1】According to the passage, who was the first to brew beer?

A．The Greeks.	B．Christian Hansen.
C．Louis Pasteur.	D．The Sumerians.

【小题2】The last two paragraphs mainly talk about 　　   　 .

A．the function of micro-organisms

B．the success of the fermentation process

C．two scientific discoveries about brewing

D．the results of yeast multiplication methods

【小题3】According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?

A．Grain was the first crop used to brew beer.

B．There are some yeast particles in the air.

C．The word “beer” originates from Latin.

D．Modern beer contains more alcoholic.

【小题4】Which would be the best title for the text?

A．The beer culture.	B．The history of beer.
C．The earliest brewery.	D．Methods of brewing beer.

　　Different people eat different foods，especially for breakfast．A typical Japanese breakfast，for example，includes various kinds of seaweed and withered raw or cooked fish in different sauces．Most Chinese like to begin the day with a bowl of thin，rice soup or a similar dish called congee．In Scotland，the basic breakfast is porridge，which is made from a type of grain called oats．The oats are boiled with a little salt until they are soft，and most people also like to add milk or cream，and sugar．The Swiss invented a breakfast called muesli，which is a mixture of different grains and dried fruits．Nowadays muesli can be bought already mixed but many people like to buy the separate ingredients（成分）and mix their own muesli according to their tastes．

　　For most American families，manufactured and packaged breakfast cereals are becoming popular．Western supermarkets sell a wide variety of breakfast cereals．They often contain a lot of sugar and many of them have fun names and sometimes contain little toys，which makes them especially attractive to children．

Most of these cereals are made from a type of grain called corn which is crushed and then cooked under pressure until it is light and crunchy（松脆的）．It is usually eaten with milk，and most people also add fruit or sugar．

There are many companies making cereals，but the first of these and still the most famous is the Kellogg company which makes Kellogg's Cornflakes．The history of this cereal is not widely known．

　　It was invented by J.G. Kellogg，an American，in about 1860．Kellogg belonged to a religious group called the Seventh Day Adventists who were vegetarians—people who don't eat meat--and he wanted to make a breakfast food that would be healthy and not use animal products．However，it was his brother W.K. Kellogg who started the product as a business．At the time，Kellogg was working at a place called the Battle Creek Sanitarium and one of the patients，C.W. Post，realized money could be made from selling the new breakfast cereal．So he started his own business and for many years，Post's“Toasties”were as famous as Kellogg's Cornflakes．

1．The story is mainly about ________．

A．selling Cornflakes

B．different breakfast cereals

C．the history of breakfast

D．popular breakfasts around the world

2．For breakfast，the Japanese usually eat ________．

A．cereals

B．congee

C．meat and soup

D．seaweed and fish

3．Muesli ________．

A．was invented by the Swiss

B．cannot be bought from a store

C．is no longer popular in Switzerland

D．has to be separated before eaten

4．Children like some breakfast cereals because ________．

A．there is a wide variety of them

B．they are made of boiled oats

C．they can be bought in supermarkets

D．they are sweet and come with little plastic toys