In the United States ,the biggest change in spending has been in the amount（数目）spent on food ,which has decreased（减少）from 46% of the total family budget（预算）in 1901 to 19% of present day totals .This is due to the fact that people are now able to buy more and better foods at lower prices. As a result of the growth in fast-food restaurants (for example, McDonad’s or KFC), more people are also eating out. Thus about 30% of today’s food budget goes on meals eaten outside the home while a hundred years ago it was only 3%.

          At the beginning of the 20th century, few people owned their homes (only around 19% of working families )and cars (at $ 1,000 per car this was well above the average family income of $ 650 per year) , as most people were unable to borrow money. But there was a rapid rise in both home and car ownership during the mid-1900s.

          Free time increased considerably following the shortening of the working week, i. e. from six days to five ,and from ten hours to eight hours a day. In fact, the working day couldn’t be too long, otherwise people wouldn’t have the time to spend their money. The amount of a family’s budget spent on outside entertainment ,such as parties, films and concerts has increased from just under 6% in Ford’s day to about 9% today. On the other hand, we spend only a quarter of what our great-grandparents paid for reading materials.

          It is difficult to see how our spending patterns may change in the future. We already know that our population is aging and this will have an effect on the amount of money we spend on medical care.

56. What is the subject discussed in the text?

   A. Changing patterns in spending.          B. Changes in family planning.

   C. Decrease in food demand.                D. Increase in family income.

57. What is the immediate cause for people to have more time to enjoy life?

A. The development of the fast food industry.  B. The improvement of living conditions.

C. The reduction in working time.                   D. The rapid rise in income.

58. On which of the following did people spend less money than before?

A. Shopping.   B. Reading.     C. Traveling.              D. Family gatherings.

59. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that people will       .

A. spend less money on entertainment   B. spend more money on the health of the old

C. spend less money eating out             D. spend more money on books

请从以下选项（A、B、C、D、E和F）中选出符合各段意思的小标题，并在答题纸上将相应选项的标号涂黑。选项中有一项是多余选项。

A．Make a well-balanced daily plan

B．Predict how long tasks will take

C．Keep records of where your time is going

D．Handle things in order of importance

E．Leam to reject others’ demands

F．analyze the distribution of your time

How to Manage Your Time Effectively

It has been said that “Time is Money” – but I disagree. Isn’t Time really LIFE? At the end of your  life, can you even mangine saying to yourself, “I wish I’d made more money.” It’s more likely you’d be thinking “I wish I’d had more TIME – time to enjoy my life more.” Here are my favorite strategies for managing that most precious of all resources – TIME.

61.           

You can’t find something you’ve lost when you don’t know where you might have lost it in the first place. So keep track of the exact time you begin and end an activity, and write down a few words to describe the activity. This requires you to be really honest with yourself and track your time – so if you spent 23 minutes chatting with coworkers over coffee – write it down EXACTLY!

62.       

Review your time logs（记录）and start to classify the tasks into categories（范畴）. You will create these categories yourself, and you and as brief as possible. Some examples might be: Administration, Business Development, Sales & Marketing, Com[uter, etc. You will then sum up how much time you spent doing tasks or activities for each category, in the exact number of minutes. You might also do a little math, to figure the percentage of time each category takes out of each day.

63.             

If you were honest and diligent, chances are that you had suddenly awakened after you reviewed your daily time logs. You no doubt can see where the time is wasted – and now you’re ready to make a better schedule. Make the best of your time by considering when you’re at your best for certain tasks, by grouping similar tasks together for greater efficiency, and by setting aside certain time for doing uninterrupted work. Think where different tasks can best fit into your day. Then actually write this routine down and post it where you’re see it every day.

64.           

You can create your own easy tools to do this. On oen sheet of paper, create 5 sections: High Priorities（优先）, Secondary Priorities, People to Contact, Telephone calls, and Schedule. You can fill this out cach day, first thing in the morning. Each day, ask yourself: “If nothing else gets done today, what are the one or two items that absolutely. MIST be done?” You should also regularly go back to the time logging exercise, so you can determine if you are slipping back into those old had habits and take immediate steps to get back on track.

65.          

More often than not, we take on more than we should because we don’t want to hurt someone else’s feelings. When we burden ourselves too much, we are not only creating unnecessary stress in our lives, but we are also creating potential situations where we cannot deliever what we’ve promised. We also don’t realize that when we can’t deliever what we’re promised, we can unintentionally cause more pain than if we’d had turned that down in the first place, Remember, you’re not doing any favors for yourself or anyone else by taking on more than you can reasonably deliver.

下面文章有5处需要添加小标题，请从以下选项（A、B、C、D、E和F）中选出符合各段意思的小标题，并在答题纸上将相应选项的标号涂黑。选项中有一项是多余选项。

A．Make a well-balanced daily plan

B．Predict how long tasks will take

C．Keep records of where your time is going

D．Handle things in order of importance

E．Learn to reject others’ demands

F．Analyze the distribution of your time

How to Manage Your Time Effectively

It has been said that “Time is Money” – but I disagree. Isn’t Time really LIFE? At the end of your life, can you even imagine saying to yourself, “I wish I’d made more money.” It’s more likely you’d be thinking “I wish I’d had more TIME – time to enjoy my life more.” Here are my favorite strategies for managing that most precious of all resources – TIME.

1.____________

You can’t find something you’ve lost when you don’t know where you might have lost it in the first place. So keep track of the exact time you begin and end an activity, and write down a few words to describe the activity. This requires you to be really honest with yourself and track your time – so if you spent 23 minutes chatting with coworkers over coffee – write it down EXACTLY!

2.____________

Review your time logs（记录）and start to classify the tasks into categories（范畴）. You will create these categories yourself. Some examples might be: Administration, Business Development, Sales & Marketing, Computer, etc. You will then sum up how much time you spent doing tasks or activities for each category, in the exact number of minutes. You might also do a little math, to figure the percentage of time each category takes out of each day.

3.____________

If you were honest and diligent, chances are that you had suddenly awakened after you reviewed your daily time logs. You no doubt can see where the time is wasted – and now you’re ready to make a better schedule. Make the best of your time by considering when you’re at your best for certain tasks, by grouping similar tasks together for greater efficiency, and by setting aside certain time for doing uninterrupted work. Think where different tasks can best fit into your day. Then actually write this routine down and post it where you see it every day.

4.____________

You can create your own easy tools to do this. On one sheet of paper, create 5 sections: High Priorities（优先）, Secondary Priorities, People to Contact, Telephone calls, and Schedule. You can fill this out each day, first thing in the morning. Each day, ask yourself: “If nothing else gets done today, what are the one or two items that absolutely. MUST be done?” You should also regularly go back to the time logging exercise, so you can determine if you are slipping back into those old had habits and take immediate steps to get back on track.

5.____________

More often than not, we take on more than we should because we don’t want to hurt someone else’s feelings. When we burden ourselves too much, we are not only creating unnecessary stress in our lives, but we are also creating potential situations where we cannot deliver what we’ve promised. We also don’t realize that when we can’t deliver what we’re promised, we can unintentionally cause more pain than if we’d had turned that down in the first place, remember, you’re not doing any favors for yourself or anyone else by taking on more than you can reasonably deliver.

Time to stop excuses for lateness

There are always a couple of people in every office who are habitually late for work. How should a manager handle the problem in a multicultural environment? Should he be patient because different cultures have their own concepts of time? Or should he take disciplinary action?

Scholars tell us that Westerners and Asians approach time differently. Culturally, Westerners live more in the present and the near future. Asians live more in the ancient past or in the distant future.

Asians try to avoid a neurotic(神经过敏的) slavery to time, viewing life as a passing moment in eternity(来世). They enjoy the sense of “zero gravity” that comes from traveling without an immediate goal or an urgent objective.

  To many Asians, life is a long journey and happiness is simply not a matter of time. Instead of rushing, they prefer to maintain a steady pace. Quietly watching the seasons change or children grow is certainly not considered a waste of time.

  Westerners believe that happiness is just over the next hill. A little more time, money or struggle will get them there. Americans, in particular, live by time-pressing schedules and deadlines.

  But how does this insight relate to the need for punctuality(守时) in the office? Should we infer from this difference in cultural outlook that it’s justified for some employees to be late in today’s office life? Does it mean that a manager should disregard punctuality as an office discipline?

On the surface, it might seem that a manager may have to be more tolerant about punctuality with some cultural groups than others. But this is unwarranted in an urban civilization. It would have belief in the academic literature that implies the time orientation(定向) in such a culture is inferior to that in the west.

  This confuses two entirely different things: observance of punctuality and the philosophical opinions of time.

A person’s belief that time is measured in centuries rather than in seconds has nothing to do with his ability to show up on time at the office every day. No Asian employee would ever use a cultural excuse for being late. He may certainly employ more modern excuses such as a traffic jam, a slow watch, or a parking problem. These excuses are the same as those used by the office worker in the West. Why is it considered acceptable to be consistently late for these reasons in Asia, while in the West such a person would be considered undependable and untrustworthy?

The problem is, perhaps, is that in our social life in Asia we tend to be more tolerant of friends and relatives who makes us wait for an hour at the downtown area. We don’t think they are taking our friendship and affection for granted. We don’t consider them guilty of disrespect. What is worse, we let them exonerate(免受责备) themselves with doubtful excuses.

But how we react to latecomers in our social lives is a matter of individual choice. In the world of modern business we can’t afford that flexibility.

No body minds if a person is late to work once in a blue moon. Punctuality should not be allowed to become a fashion. But in the office environment, there has to be a climate of discipline in which a people respect the keeping of time.

Even in those companies which maintain flexible time, there are set hours when employees must be present in the office. Some companies may choose to stagger the opening and closing of their offices to enable employees to avoid the rush hour. But that doesn’t mean there is no longer a need for punctuality.

Being late is, generally, a problem relating to a small number of employees. A manager should try to break their bad habits through suggestions, repeatedly if required. It’s not an easy task and in some cases, it requires a fair amount of patience.

72. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Cultural conceptions can not become excuses for being late.

B. It is high time that Asians get rid of the bad habit of being late.

C. Managers should do more to stop employees from being late.

D. Suggestions have been given to help Asians avoid being late.

73. Which of the following is true according to the author?

A. Asians lay more emphasis on punctuality than Americans do.

B. Americans lay more emphasis on punctuality than Asians do.

C. The author thinks highly of Asians’ patience and tolerance.

D. Americans are more patient and more tolerant than Asians.

74. What does the word “stagger ”in the last paragraph but one mean in this passage ?

A. cause to hesitate or doubt                          B. arrange for different reasons and purposes  

C. walk in an unsteady way                  D. arrange not to come at the same time

75. What is the author’s attitude towards the habitual lateness for work?

A. Neutral                 B. Positive         C. Negative                D. indifferent