People diet to look more attractive．Fish diet to avoid being beaten up，thrown out of their social group，and getting eaten as a result．That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by a team of Australian scientists．

　　The research team have discovered that subordinate(低一等的) fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors．"In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals，a male and female，had breeding（繁殖）rights within the group，" explains Marian Wong．"All other group members are nonbreeding females，each being 5-10% smaller than its next largest competitor．We wanted to find out how they maintain this precise size separation．"

　　The reason for the size difference was easy to see．Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor，it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group．More often than not，the evicted fish is then eaten up．

　　It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish．Whether they did so voluntarily，by restraining how much they ate，was not clear．The research team decided to do an experiment．They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened．To their surprise，the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered，clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights，over having a feast．

　　The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group．Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves，so keeping their competitors small．

　　While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious，Dr．Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understand how hierarchical（等级的）societies remain stable．

　　The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive to humans．"As yet，we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature，" the researchers comment．"Data on human dieting suggests that，while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness，rarely does it improve long-term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females' own ideal．"

1.When a goby grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor，it _________．

A．leaves the group itself         B．has breeding rights

C．eats its competitor       D．faces danger

2.The underlined words "the evicted fish" in Paragraph 3 refer to _________．

A．the fish beaten up      B．the fish driven away

C．the fish found out        D．the fish fattened up

3.The experiment showed that the smaller fish _________．

A．fought over a feast     B．preferred some extra food

C．challenged the boss fish      D．went on diet willingly

4.What is the text mainly about?

A．Fish dieting and human dieting．         B．Dieting and health．

C．Human dieting．          D．Fish dieting．

Ⅲ. 阅读理解 （共两节，满分40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）

阅读下列短文，从文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。

Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. When a person does a certain thing again, he is driven by some unseen force to do the same thing repeatedly, then a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to get rid of. It is therefore very important that we should pay great attention to the formation of habits. Children often form bad habits, some of which remain with them as long as they live. Older persons also form bad habits lasting as long as they live, and sometimes become ruined by them.

　　There are other habits which, when formed in early life, are of great help. Many successful men say that much of their success has something to do with certain habits in early life, such as early rising, honesty and so on.

　　Among the habits which children should not form are laziness, lying, stealing and so on. These are all easily formed habits. Unfortunately older persons often form habits which could have been avoided.

　　We should keep away from all these bad habits, and try to form such habits as will be good for ourselves and others.

36. ________ are formed little by little.

A. Good habits                   

B. Bad habits

C. Both good habits and bad habits

D. Either good habits or bad habits

37. Generally speaking, it's difficult for one___and easy for them____which should be avoided.

　　A. to form bad habits; to form good habits

　　B. to form good habits; to form bad habits

　　C. to form such habits as will be good; to get rid of bad habits

　　D. to get rid of bad habits; to form good habits

38. Why should we pay much attention to the formation of habits?

　　A. Because habits are of great help to every one of us.

　　B. Because a man can never get rid of a habit.

　　C. Because it's hard and sometimes even impossible to throw away bad habits.

　　D. Because we are forced to do them again and again .

39. According to the passage, early rising ________.

　　A. has something to do with success

　　B. is an easily formed habit

　　C. is such a habit as should have been avoided

　　D. is such a habit as will be kept

Here I must put in a few words about my experience here in China. If I have 36 with a Chinese host, he always presses 37 food onto my plate as soon as I have emptied it of the previous helping. That often makes me 38 very awkward. I have to eat the food even if I don’t 39 it, because it is considered 　40 manners in the West to 41 one’s food on the plate.

I have also 42 that when a Chinese sits at an American’s dinner party, he very often 43 the offer of food or drink though he is in fact still hungry or 44 . This might be good manners in China, but it is certainly 45 in the West.

In the United States, it is 46 to keep asking someone again and again or press something on him. Americans are very 47 . If they want something, they will ask for it. If not, they will say, “ 48 ” Here’s an example: When an American is offered 49 by the host, and he doesn’t like beer, he will probably say, “No, thanks. I just don’t feel like it. I’ll 50 some diet Pepsi-Cola if you have it. ” That is 51 an American will do.

52 are taught that “Honesty is the best policy. But in some countries, courtesy(谦虚)might be more important than 53 . So when I am here in China, I have to observe the 54 here. But when you go to 55 , you had better “do as the Romans do”.

36. A. trouble　　　　　　　 B. dinner　　　　　　　 C. words　　　　　　　 D. difficulty

37. A. more　　　　　　　　 B. a little　　　　　　　 C. few　　　　　　　　　　D. little

38. A. think　　　　　　　　　 B. taste　　　　　　　　　　　　 C. feel　　　　　　 D. smell

39. A. eat　　　　　　　　　　 B. like　　　　　　　　　　 C. drink　　　　　　　 D. help

40. A. important　　　　　　 B. bad　　　　　　　　 C. polite　　　　　　　　 D. rude

41. A. take　　　　　　　　　　 B. leave　　　　　　　　 C. forget　　　　　　　 D. pass

42. A. noticed　　　　　　　　 B. minded　　　　　　 C. heard　　　　　　　 D. informed

43. A. accepts　　　　　　　　B. refuses　　　　　　 C. nods　　　　　　　　 D. gives

44. A. thirsty　　　　　　　　 B. angry　　　　　　　 C. happy　　　　　　　 D. full

45. A. so　　　　　　　　　　 B. kind　　　　　　　　 C. not　　　　　　　　　　D. right

46. A. impolite　　　　　　 B. good　　　　　　　　C. kind　　　　　　　　　D. sad

47. A. friendly　　　　　　 B. direct　　　　　　　 C. short　　　　　　　　 D. kind

48. A. I’m sorry　　　　　B. Yes, I want　　　 C. No, thanks　　　　D. Yes, please

49. A. food　　　　　　　　 B. beer　　　　　　　　　 C. coffee　　　　　　　 D. tea

50. A. bring　　　　　　　　B. offer　　　　　　　　 C. like　　　　　　　　　 D. take

51. A. that　　　　　　　　 B. what　　　　　　　　 C. whether　　　　　　　　　 D. how

52. A. Englishmen　　　 B. Frenchmen　　　　C. Americans　　　　　　　 D. Australians

53. A. manners　　　　　 B. honesty　　　　　　 C. request　　　　　　　　　　D. order

54. A. customs　　　　　 B. habits　　　　　　　 C. action　　　　　　　　　　　D. ways

55. A. China　　　　　　　B. Rome　　　　　　　　C. the United States　　 D. the United Nations

Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. When a person does a certain thing again, he is driven by some unseen force to do the same thing repeatedly, then a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to get rid of. It is therefore very important that we should pay great attention to the formation of habits. Children often form bad habits, some of which remain with them as long as they live. Older persons also form bad habits lasting as long as they live, and sometimes become ruined by them.　　
There are other habits which, when formed in early life, are of great help. Many successful men say that much of their success has something to do with certain habits in early life, such as early rising, honesty and so on.
　　Among the habits which children should not form are laziness, lying, stealing and so on. These are all easily formed habits. Unfortunately older persons often form habits which could have been avoided(避免).
　　We should keep away from(远离) all these bad habits, and try to form such habits as will be good for ourselves and others.
【小题1】________ are formed little by little.