Read first and then discuss the questions.

　　Where did jazz originate? What musical, social, and cultural ingredients (n. 成分, 因素) combined to form jazz? These questions, and their respective answers, are important for the student of jazz history to investigate.

　　Jazz is the only indigenous American art form and it is truly a cultural product of the United States. Western and African musical culture were the seeds of jazz, but America was the soil where jazz grew and prospered (V．成功, 兴隆, 昌盛). Jazz is neither a music of Blacks nor the music of Whites, but jazz is actually a blending of a variety of traditions, heritages, and philosophies (n. 哲学, 哲学体系) .

　　During the early history of America, slavery was a standard social practice. Slaves were forcibly brought from Africa to America. While in America, the displaced African’s (including African musicians who brought their musical traditions and talents with them) would learn from already established Western musical theories and performance practices. At the same time, Western musicians would learn African (Eastern) musical theories and performance practices from the African musicians.

　　Primitive (原始的) African culture places a great emphasis on music, much more so than Western societies. Music is an important aspect (n. 方面) of many of the day-today activities of the primitive African societies. As a primitive musical expression, early African music placed a great emphasis on rhythmic (adj. 节奏的, 合拍的) activity with a more simple use of melody (n. 悦耳的音调) and harmony (n. 协调, 融洽). African rhythms are quite complex and very advanced, yet the melodies and harmonies are simple. This strong emphasis on musical tradition and usage was brought with the African populations during their forced exile of slavery to America.

　　While in America, these new Black Americans still expressed themselves through their musical traditions. Since they were in America, their old musical traditions could not be reproduced exactly for many reasons, including not being allowed to use traditional African instruments. To understand a comparable situation, let us assume (vt. 假定, 设想) that we have a fictional American rock band who are forcibly taken to a foreign country. While in slavery, the rock musicians still desire to create their music. Unfortunately, their new “owners” give them permission to perform their rock music, but the rock band is not allowed to use any electric guitars, an electric bass, a drum set, keyboards, or any type of electronic instruments. This would cause quite a problem for the rock band, but if they have a strong enough desire to create their music, they would have to find a way to do so with the resources (instruments etc. ) that were available to them. This imaginary (adj. 假想的, 想象的) scenario (剧情概要, 或是某一特定情节) was exactly what the African musicians faced as slaves in America.

　　Along with finding new instruments, the African musicians were being exposed to the Western musical culture. This exposure was a vital essence to the evolution of jazz. These new Western melodic, harmonic, rhythmic, and aural traditions affected the African musicians tremendously. Of course, White musicians were also being affected by what they head from the African musicians. As time passes, the give and take between the African and Western musical traditions would blossom into what would be called Jazz.

　　To this day, elements that started with the African slaves can still be heard in jazz and rock. One example still in use is the African “call and response” method of early African songs. In a call and response, the soloist sings a portion of a melody while the group responds afterwards (much like a musical question and answer) .

　　Another example is “pitch-bending”. During the advent of jazz, the musicians would bend pitches for expressive purposes. This bent pitch catches our ears because the ear does not know where the pitch will actually end up, thus creating a musical surprise. Countless jazz and rock musicians use this technique today. Listen to a rock lead-guitar solo and count all the pitch-bends utilized. Most of today's synthesizers even have a pitch-bend device built in.

　　The roots of jazz are from African and Western musical traditions blended together. Over a period of many years, these traditions exchanged musical qualities and slowly evolved into jazz. The African emphasis on rhythm combined with Western theoretical musical thought created a new music for all musicians and audiences to enjoy. As the jazz musical tree grew, other sub-styles of music grew from the trunk of jazz. Music styles such as Rhythm and Blues (n. 节奏和布鲁斯) Soul, Funk, Rap, and Rock and Roll are all descendants (n. 子孙, 后裔, 后代) of jazz and the jazz heritage.

Questions For Discussion:

1．Does Jazz come from Africa?

2．Does Jazz come from Blues?

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　　In the spring of 1963 King was in Birmingham, Alabama, leading a struggle for jobs for  1 and for African - Americans to be  2 at“  3 Only”restaurants. When the police turned vicious (['viM+s]adj. 凶猛的) dogs and fire hoses (水龙带) on the  4 , they were  5 on TV screens all over the country.  6 was outrage ['autreid{]n. (愤怒). It 7 when the police arrested king  8 many children shown being beaten as they were dragged off to prison.

　　In the  9 , King wrote a letter from Birmingham Jail. He  10 out that there was a  11 to obey just laws,  12 there was also a duty not to obey unjust laws. He quoted ([kw+ut]vt. 引用) the Roman Catholic Saint Augustine: “An unjust law is no law  13 ”He added that peaceful protest ([pr+'test]n. 抗议) was needed because “we know through painful  14 that freedom is never voluntarily given…it must be  15 …”

　　The letter from Birmingham Jail drew wide  16 .Civil rights leaders agreed that there should be a protest  17 on Washington, D. C. to demand a federal law that would  18 the role of blacks as second class  19 .They named Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. the main speaker  20 the rally (['r$li]n. 集会) to follow. And so it was that 250, 000 people  21 under the hot August sun in front of the Lincoln Memorial on August 28,  22 to hear him.

　　“I have a  23 ,”the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. had said on the greatest of days in  24 in 1963. Dr King was dead, but his dream will  25 be.

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　　In the spring of 1963 King was in Birmingham, Alabama, leading a struggle for jobs for  1 and for African - Americans to be  2 at“  3 Only”restaurants. When the police turned vicious (['viM+s]adj. 凶猛的) dogs and fire hoses (水龙带) on the  4 , they were  5 on TV screens all over the country.  6 was outrage ['autreid{]n. (愤怒). It 7 when the police arrested king  8 many children shown being beaten as they were dragged off to prison.

　　In the  9 , King wrote a letter from Birmingham Jail. He  10 out that there was a  11 to obey just laws,  12 there was also a duty not to obey unjust laws. He quoted ([kw+ut]vt. 引用) the Roman Catholic Saint Augustine: “An unjust law is no law  13 ”He added that peaceful protest ([pr+'test]n. 抗议) was needed because “we know through painful  14 that freedom is never voluntarily given…it must be  15 …”

　　The letter from Birmingham Jail drew wide  16 .Civil rights leaders agreed that there should be a protest  17 on Washington, D. C. to demand a federal law that would  18 the role of blacks as second class  19 .They named Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. the main speaker  20 the rally (['r$li]n. 集会) to follow. And so it was that 250, 000 people  21 under the hot August sun in front of the Lincoln Memorial on August 28,  22 to hear him.

　　“I have a  23 ,”the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. had said on the greatest of days in  24 in 1963. Dr King was dead, but his dream will  25 be.

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An epic^① love story, set against the sweeping landscapes of Wyoming and Texas, that tells the story of two young men — a ranch-hand and a rodeo cowboy — who meet in the summer of 1963 while driving cattle on a mountain range. They unexpectedly develop a lifelong connection, one whose complications^②, joys and tragedies provide a testament to the endurance and power of love.

Production Status: Released Genres: Drama, Romance and Western Running Time: 2 hrs. 14 min. Release Date: December 9th, 2005 (NY/LA/SF) MPAA Rating: R for sexuality, language and some violence. Production Co.: Focus Features, River Road Entertainment Studios: Universal Pictures Filming Locations: Calgary, Canada Produced in: United States Cast and Credits Starring: Linda Cardellini, Kate Mara, Jake Gyllenhaal, Heath Ledger, Michelle Williams Directed by: Ang Lee  Produced by: Michael Costigan, Michael Hausman, Larry McMurtry  Actors Linda Cardellini  Cassie Cartwright Jake Gyllenhaal  Jack Twist Heath Ledger  Ennis Del Mar Michelle Williams  Alma Anne Hathaway  Lureen Randy Quaid  Joe Aguirre

Writers Larry McMurtry  Screenplay (Adaptation) Diana Ossana  Screenplay (Adaptation) E. Annie Proulx  Source Material (from short story: “Brokeback Mountain”) Diana Ossana  Screenwriter Show times (on Jan. 25) Embarcadero 1 Embarcadero Center, San Francisco, CA, 94111 12:00, 12:30, 2:00, 3:00, 3:30, 5:30, 6:30, 7:00, 8:30, 9:30, 10:00 BAM Rose Cinemas 30 Lafayette Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11217 4:15, 7:00, 9:45 Pacific’s The Grove Stadium 14 189 The Grove Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90036 1:25 Loews Dupont Circle 5 1350 19th St. NW, Washington, DC, 20036 (2:00), (3:00), (5:00), 6:00, 8:00, 9:00

Notes:

epic  adj. 英雄的

complication  n. 复杂化

According to the passage, Brokeback Mountain is mainly about ______.

A. language study      B. love     C. violence     D. funny story

The film Brokeback Mountain is mainly from short story by ______.

A. Ang Lee     B. Michelle Williams      C. Diana Ossana     D. E. Annie Proulx

According to the passage, the natural sights in Brokeback Mountain was filmed in ______.

A. America     B. Canada      C. China     D. Mexico

If you live in New York on Jan. 25, you’d better enjoy the film in ______.

A. Loews Dupont Circle 5           B. Pacific’s The Grove Stadium 14

C. Embarcadero                   D. BAM Rose Cinemas

A vuvuzela is a horn，about a meter long，usually made of a colourful cheap plastic.________ When it's blown by thousands of supporters at the same time，it's loud，very loud. It sounds a bit like an air horn and you can hear it a lot during the 2010 World Cup.

 The vuvuzela was originally made from a kudu horn and was traditionally used to summon people to gatherings. But the horn you see at soccer matches in South Africa today originated from a tin horn that became popular with South African soccer fans around 15 years ago. A sports company began to mass－produce a plastic version in the South Africa colours，and this is what you see (and hear)at every soccer match. Now it's become an official symbol of the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and more popular around the world.

 The vuvuzela will be ubiquitous during the 2010 World Cup. There was a call for FIFA to ban the vuvizela during the Confederations Cup that took place in South Africa in June 2009，European journalists got into a tizzy(紧张)about the noise. The Guardian reported: “It sounds like extremely terrible.” But FIFA stood its ground，as Mr. Blatter，FIFA's president says “Vuvuzelas，drums and singing are part of Africa football culture. It is part of their celebration，it is part of their culture，so let them blow the vuvuzelas.”

Adam Carnegie，a graphic artist from Cape Town，founded the Kelp Environmental Learning Project. The project employs local men and women to collect kelp，dry it and then hand paint colourful designs on it. The mission is simple. “We want to create jobs，make a noise，make people laugh，remind people to be in the moment.”

Like most trumpets，getting any noise from a vuvuzela requires significant pursing of the lips and the ability to blow with force. Your cheeks will be zinging afterward. You can personalize your vuvuzela blowing, with a lot of practice，but generally it produces one big sound.

6. Which of the following sentences can be used to fill in the blank in the first paragraph?

A. It was chosen by FIFA as the unique musical instrument.

B. It has been used at soccer matches for thousands of years.

C. It is the choice of noise－maker for South African football fans.

D. It is a traditional instrument South African soccer fans use to celebrate victory.

7. The vuvuzela ________.

A. is usually made of metal

B. has a length of two and a half feet

C. was first used in a local sports game

D. is one of the official symbols of the 2010 World Cup

8. The underlined word “ubiquitous” in the 3rd paragraph probably means “________”．

A. banned               B. heard everywhere

C. extremely expensive     D. strictly limited

9. Why did FIFA stand its ground on the issue of the vuvuzela? 

A. Because the vuvuzela is typical of African football culture. 

B. Because it is the host country's right to make their choice. 

C. Because the vuvuzela will make the 2010 World Cup special. 

D. Because more member countries support the use of the vuvuzela.

10. What can we learn from the passage?

A. It requires effort to get noise from vuvuzela.

B. Vuvuzela will be banned after the 2010 World Cup because it is too noisy. 

C. The Kelp Environmental Learning Project employs many people to sell vuvuzela. 

D. Vuvuzela is too noisy for both the players and the audience.