Read first and then discuss the questions.

　　Where did jazz originate? What musical, social, and cultural ingredients (n. 成分, 因素) combined to form jazz? These questions, and their respective answers, are important for the student of jazz history to investigate.

　　Jazz is the only indigenous American art form and it is truly a cultural product of the United States. Western and African musical culture were the seeds of jazz, but America was the soil where jazz grew and prospered (V．成功, 兴隆, 昌盛). Jazz is neither a music of Blacks nor the music of Whites, but jazz is actually a blending of a variety of traditions, heritages, and philosophies (n. 哲学, 哲学体系) .

　　During the early history of America, slavery was a standard social practice. Slaves were forcibly brought from Africa to America. While in America, the displaced African’s (including African musicians who brought their musical traditions and talents with them) would learn from already established Western musical theories and performance practices. At the same time, Western musicians would learn African (Eastern) musical theories and performance practices from the African musicians.

　　Primitive (原始的) African culture places a great emphasis on music, much more so than Western societies. Music is an important aspect (n. 方面) of many of the day-today activities of the primitive African societies. As a primitive musical expression, early African music placed a great emphasis on rhythmic (adj. 节奏的, 合拍的) activity with a more simple use of melody (n. 悦耳的音调) and harmony (n. 协调, 融洽). African rhythms are quite complex and very advanced, yet the melodies and harmonies are simple. This strong emphasis on musical tradition and usage was brought with the African populations during their forced exile of slavery to America.

　　While in America, these new Black Americans still expressed themselves through their musical traditions. Since they were in America, their old musical traditions could not be reproduced exactly for many reasons, including not being allowed to use traditional African instruments. To understand a comparable situation, let us assume (vt. 假定, 设想) that we have a fictional American rock band who are forcibly taken to a foreign country. While in slavery, the rock musicians still desire to create their music. Unfortunately, their new “owners” give them permission to perform their rock music, but the rock band is not allowed to use any electric guitars, an electric bass, a drum set, keyboards, or any type of electronic instruments. This would cause quite a problem for the rock band, but if they have a strong enough desire to create their music, they would have to find a way to do so with the resources (instruments etc. ) that were available to them. This imaginary (adj. 假想的, 想象的) scenario (剧情概要, 或是某一特定情节) was exactly what the African musicians faced as slaves in America.

　　Along with finding new instruments, the African musicians were being exposed to the Western musical culture. This exposure was a vital essence to the evolution of jazz. These new Western melodic, harmonic, rhythmic, and aural traditions affected the African musicians tremendously. Of course, White musicians were also being affected by what they head from the African musicians. As time passes, the give and take between the African and Western musical traditions would blossom into what would be called Jazz.

　　To this day, elements that started with the African slaves can still be heard in jazz and rock. One example still in use is the African “call and response” method of early African songs. In a call and response, the soloist sings a portion of a melody while the group responds afterwards (much like a musical question and answer) .

　　Another example is “pitch-bending”. During the advent of jazz, the musicians would bend pitches for expressive purposes. This bent pitch catches our ears because the ear does not know where the pitch will actually end up, thus creating a musical surprise. Countless jazz and rock musicians use this technique today. Listen to a rock lead-guitar solo and count all the pitch-bends utilized. Most of today's synthesizers even have a pitch-bend device built in.

　　The roots of jazz are from African and Western musical traditions blended together. Over a period of many years, these traditions exchanged musical qualities and slowly evolved into jazz. The African emphasis on rhythm combined with Western theoretical musical thought created a new music for all musicians and audiences to enjoy. As the jazz musical tree grew, other sub-styles of music grew from the trunk of jazz. Music styles such as Rhythm and Blues (n. 节奏和布鲁斯) Soul, Funk, Rap, and Rock and Roll are all descendants (n. 子孙, 后裔, 后代) of jazz and the jazz heritage.

Questions For Discussion:

1．Does Jazz come from Africa?

2．Does Jazz come from Blues?

Dr. Sylvia Earle wants you to stop eating fish. It's not because fish are endangered, though wild fish stocks in many oceans are very low. It's not because they're bad for you, though fish in many areas are exposed to poisonous substances in the water. It’s because they're smart.
"Fish are sensitive, they have personalities," says the marine biologist. For Earle, eating a fish would be like eating a dog or a cat. "I would never eat anyone I know personally."
There's a lot more to fish than meets the eye: they talk to each other, they like to be touched, and they engage in behavior that can seem very human. They can remember things and learn from experience. Earle and a growing number of animal rights activists see these as strong arguments against eating fish altogether.
The activists also point out that fish feel pain and fish suffer horribly on their way from the sea to the supermarket. "While it may seem conspicuous that fish are able to feel pain, like every other animal, some people think of fish as swimming vegetables," says Dr. Lynne Sneddon. "Really, it's kind of a moral question. Is the enjoyment you get from fishing (or eating fish) more important than the pain of the fish?"
Fishermen and (fried) fish lovers are skeptical. "I've never seen a smart fish," says Marie Swaringen as she finishes off a plate of fish at a Seattle seafood restaurant. "If they were very smart, they wouldn't get caught."
"For years, everyone's been telling us to eat fish because it's so good for us," says another diner. "Now I've got to feel guilty while I'm eating my fish? What are they going to think of next? Don't eat salad because cucumbers have feelings?"
【小题1】According to Dr. Sylvia Earle, he would stop eating fish as a result of the following reasons EXCEPT ___________ .

What parents say and do in daily life usually have a(n) _________ influence on their child.

1. A.
   practical
2. B.
   avoidable
3. C.
   beneficial
4. D.
   permanent

第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A successful businessman was growing old and knew it was time to choose a successor（继任者）to take over the business． ___36__ choosing one of his children,he decided to do something different,He ___37____ all the young executives（主管）In hs company together, and said，"l will give each one of you a（n）____38____  today．l want you to plant the seed，water it, and ___39___ here one year form today with what you have grown from the seed,l will then ___40____ your plants,and the one I choose will be the next CEO."
Jim was ___41___ that day and he also received a seed．He went home ___42___,and got a pot，some soil and planted the seed.Everday,he watered it and __43___ to see if it had grown，___44__ nothing ever grew.
Time flew,and it was time to __45__ their plants to the boss.When Jim arrived,he was
___46__ the variety of plant gsrown by the other executives.They were all__47__ in all shapes and sizes.
When the old CEO arrived,he __48__ the room and greeted his young execytuves.
"___49__ ! What great plants,trees,and flowers you have grown."All of a sudden, the CEO___50__ Jim at the back of the room With his___51___ pot.He asked him what had happened to his seed一Jim told him his ____52____.
The CEO looked at Jim,and then ____53___to the young executives,"Now we have the nestChlef Executlve Office—his name is Jim!"
Nobody Could ___54___ it,including Jim himself.Then the CEO said,"One year ago the seeds I gave everyone were all boiled seeds; it was not ___55___for them to grow．Remember everyone,if you plant honesty，you will reap（收获）trust．"
36. A.Because of                 B.In additlon to     C.Apart from          D.Instead of
37. A.took                B.called         C.left                  D.kept
38. A.Order              B.plant          C.seed                D.appointment
39. A.come back           B.get off         C.forget about       D.walk around
40. A.colect               B.buy                 C.sell                 D.judge
41. A.absent               B.late           C.there                D.out
41. A.excitedly            B.nervously      C.carefully          D.angrily
43. A.declared             B.remained      C.watched              D.intended
44. A.so                 B.since          C.but                 D.if
45. A.dig out             B.pack up        C.meet with            D.bring back
46. A.disappointed at        B.amazed at     C.satisfied with             D.cautious about
47. A.green               B.beautiful      C.depressing            D.dying
48. A.scanned             B.found                C.searched             D.inspected
49. A.Your               B.His           C.Her                D.My
50. A.told                B.spotted       C.praised               D.blamed
51. A.empty              B.broken        C.big                 D.expensive
52. A.secret                B.story          C.cause               D.doubt
53．A.explained               B.suggested           C.announced          D.introduced
54．A.hear                   B.know           C.realize                  D.believe
55．A.necessary               B.important     C.possible            D.practical

A man has returned three library books to a Melbourne library—21 years overdue（误期）.The books were returned to Sam Merrifield Library with a (n)__ 21___note and a $50 bill.
___ 22___Margaret Young was pleased that the books had been returned. They were in excellent___23__ , except for the one that the borrower admitted had been damaged by a___24___.
“They’re all spy books. We were just surprised and___25 ___that he has returned the books, ___26 ___after so many years,” Mrs. Young said.
The books were__ 27__on June 18, 1985 and would have to be paid almost $5,800 in overdue
__28__. But, because of the sweet letter and $50 note, Mrs. Young said all was__29__.
She said, “We thank him for returning the books and hope his conscience（良心）is __ 30 _. I’d like to think he can come back into the library one day to borrow more material__31__he returns it.”
To whom it may concern,
About 20 years ago I__32 __to return the three books to your library. In fact I__33__them.During that time, one of the books was damaged by my dog. I have enclosed all three books and a sum of money that will go some way toward __34__the damaged book.
My __35__were unforgivable; a thief is a thief. Please __ 36__my apology for stealing the books and for not having the courage to return them__37__.
I want you to know that for the last few years this theft has__38__my conscience and I am sorry I was so selfish to steal them in the first__39__. I hope this goes some small way to__40 __my actions.