A practical English Grammar is intended for intermediate（中级的） and post-intermediate students. We hope that more advanced learners and teachers will also find it useful.
The book is a comprehensive survey of structures and forms, written in clear modern English and illustrated with numerous examples. Areas of particular difficulty have been given special attention. Differences between conversational usage and strict grammatical forms are shown but the emphasis is on controversial forms.
In the fourth edition the main changes are as follows.
1. Explanation and examples have been brought up to date.
2. There is now more information on countable and uncountable nouns, attributive and predicative adjectives, adverbs of place, sentence adverbs, cleft sentences, prepositions, conjunctives, modal verbs, perfect tenses, infinitive constructions, the passive, purpose clauses and nouns.
3. Some material has been rearranged to make comparisons easier. For example, parts of chapters on can, may, must etc. are now grouped by functions; verbs of liking and preference have a chapter to themselves; suggestions and invitations have joined the chapter on commands, requests and advice.
4. The contents list now summaries every edition heading, and there is a new index containing many more entries references.
In this edition the sign “~” is frequently used to show a change of speaker in examples of dialogue. Note also that although the sign “="”" sometimes connects two words or expressions with the same meaning, it is often used more freely, e.g. to indicate a transformation from active to passive or direct to indirect speech.
We wish to thank all at Oxford University Press who have assisted in the preparation of the fourth edition. We would also like to thank Professor Egawa of Nihon University, Japan, Professor Rene Dirven of Duisburg University, West Germany and other colleagues for their friendly and helpful suggestions.
London, November 1985   A.J.T., A.VM
【小题1】The grammar book mentioned in this passage is not suitable for              .

Human wants seem endless, When a starving man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when a manager gets a new sports car, he dreams of country clubs and pleasure boats dance into view.

The many wants of mankind might be regarded as making up several levels. When there is money enough to satisfy one level of wants, another level appears.

The first and most basic level of wants is food. Once this want is satisfied, a second level of wants appears: clothing and some sort of shelter. By the end of World War II these wants were satisfied for a great majority of Americans. Then a third level appeared. It included such items as cars and new houses.

By 1957 or 1958 this third level of wants was fairly well satisfied. Then in the late 1950s a fourth level of wants appeared: the “life-enriching” level. While the other levels mean physical satisfaction—the feeding, comfort, safety and transportation of the human body—this level means mental needs for recognition, achievement and happiness, It includes a variety of goods and  services many of which could be called “luxury” items. Among them are vacation trips, the best medical care and entertainment. Also included here are fancy foods and the latest styles in clothing.

On the fourth level, a greater percentage of consumers spending goes to services, while on the first three levels more is spent on goods. Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of wants as their income increases, or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level?

A fifth level probably would be wants that can be achieved by community action. Consumers may be spending more on taxes and crime. After filling our stomachs, our garages, and our minds, we now may seek to ensure the health and safety to enjoy more fully the good things on the first three levels.

1.According to the passage, man will begin to think about such needs as housing and clothing only when _______

2.It can be inferred from the passage that by the end of World War II most Americans ______

3.Which of the following is NOT related to “physical satisfaction”?

4.Which is the main want of man on the fourth level?

5.The author thinks that a fifth level______

Human wants seem endless. When a starving man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when a manager gets a new sports car, he dreams of country clubs and pleasure boats dance into view.

The many wants of mankind might be regarded as making up several levels. When there is money enough to satisfy one level of wants, another level appears.

The first and most basic level of wants is food. Once this want is satisfied, a second level of wants appears: clothing and some sort of shelter. By the end of World War II these wants were satisfied for a great majority of Americans. Then a third level appeared. It included such items as cars and new houses.

By 1957 or 1958 this third level of wants was fairly well satisfied. Then in the late 1950s a fourth level of wants appeared: the “life-enriching” level. While the other levels mean physical satisfaction—the feeding, comfort, safety and transportation of the human body—this level means mental needs for recognition, achievement and happiness. It includes a variety of goods and services many of which could be called “luxury” items. Among them are vacation trips, the best medical care and entertainment. Also included here are fancy foods and the latest styles in clothing.

On the fourth level, a greater percentage of consumers spending goes to services, while on the first three levels more is spent on goods. Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of wants as their income increases, or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level?

A fifth level probably would be wants that can be achieved by community action. Consumers may be spending more on taxes and crime. After filling our stomachs, our garages, and our minds, we now may seek to ensure the health and safety to enjoy more fully the good things on the first three levels.

1.According to the passage, man will begin to think about such needs as housing and clothing only when _______

A．he has saved up enough money

B．he has grown dissatisfied with his simple shelter

C．he has satisfied his hunger

D．he has learned to build houses

2.It can be inferred from the passage that by the end of World War II most Americans ______

A．were very rich

B．were very poor

C．Had the good things on the first three levels

D．didn’t own cars

3.Which of the following is NOT related to “physical satisfaction”?

A．A successful career                      B．A comfortable house

C．A good service                         D．A family car

4.The author thinks that a fifth level______

A．would be a little better than the fourth level

B．may be a lot more desirable than the first four

C．can be the last and most satisfying level

D．will come true if the government takes actions

Human wants seem endless. When a starving man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when an executive gets a new sports car, visions of country clubs and pleasure boats dance into view.

    The many wants of mankind might be regarded as making up several levels. When there is money enough to satisfy one level of wants, another level appears.

    The first and most basic level of wants involves food. Once this want is satisfied, a second level of wants appears, clothing and some sorts of shelter. By the end of World War II these wants were satisfied for a great majority of Americans. Then a third level appeared. It included such items as automobiles and new houses.

    By 1957 or 1958 this third level of wants was fairly well satisfied. Then, in the late 1950s a fourth level of wants appeared: the “life-enriching” level. While the other levels involve physical satisfaction, the feeding, comfort, safety, and transportation of the human body, this level stresses mental needs for recognition, achievement, and happiness. It includes a variety of goods and services, many of which could be called "luxury" items. Among them are vacation trips, the best medical and dental care, and entertainment. Also included here are fancy foods and the latest styles in clothing.

    On the fourth level, a greater percentage of consumer spending goes to services, while on the first three levels, more is spent on goods. Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of wants as their income increases, or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level?

    A fifth level probably would involve wants that can be achieved best by community action. Consumers may be spending more on taxes to pay for government action against disease, ignorance, crime and prejudice. After filling stomachs, our clothes, our garages, our teeth, and our minds, we now may seek to ensure the health, ,safety, and leisure to enjoy more fully the good things on the first four levels.

83. According to the passage, man will begin to think about such needs as housing and clothing only when ________.

   A. he has saved up enough money

   B. he has grown dissatisfied with his simple shelter

   C. he has satisfied his hunger for food

   D. he has learned to build house

84. It can be inferred from the passage that at the end of World War II most Americans ________.

   A. were very rich                                                    B. live in poverty

   C. had the good things on the first three levels            D. did not own automobiles

85. What is the main concern of man on the fourth level?

   A. The more goods the better                     B. The more mental satisfaction the better

   C. The more "luxury" items the better         D. The more earnings the better

86. The author is inclined to think that a fifth level ________

   A. would be little better than the fourth level

   B. may be a lot more desirable than the first four

   C. can be the last and most satisfying level

   D. will become attainable provided the government takes actions

Human wants seem endless. When a starving man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when a manager gets a new sports car, he dreams of country clubs and pleasure boats dance into view.

The many wants of mankind might be regarded as making up several levels. When there is money enough to satisfy one level of wants, another level appears.

The first and most basic level of wants is food. Once this want is satisfied, a second level of wants appears: clothing and some sort of shelter. By the end of World War II these wants were satisfied for a great majority of Americans. Then a third level appeared. It included such items as cars and new houses.

By 1957 or 1958 this third level of wants was fairly well satisfied. Then in the late 1950s a fourth level of wants appeared: the “life-enriching” level. While the other levels mean physical satisfaction—the feeding, comfort, safety and transportation of the human body—this level means mental needs for recognition, achievement and happiness. It includes a variety of goods and services many of which could be called “luxury” items. Among them are vacation trips, the best medical care and entertainment. Also included here are fancy foods and the latest styles in clothing.

On the fourth level, a greater percentage of consumers spending goes to services, while on the first three levels more is spent on goods. Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of wants as their income increases, or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level?

A fifth level probably would be wants that can be achieved by community action. Consumers may be spending more on taxes and crime. After filling our stomachs, our garages, and our minds, we now may seek to ensure the health and safety to enjoy more fully the good things on the first three levels.

59. According to the passage, man will begin to think about such needs as housing and clothing only when _______

A. he has saved up enough money

B. he has grown dissatisfied with his simple shelter

C. he has satisfied his hunger

D. he has learned to build houses

60. It can be inferred from the passage that by the end of World War II most Americans ______

A. were very rich

B. were very poor

C. Had the good things on the first three levels

D. didn’t own cars

61. Which of the following is NOT related to “physical satisfaction”?

A. A successful career　　　　　　　　　　　 B. A comfortable house

C. A good service　　　　　 　　　　 D. A family car

62. The author thinks that a fifth level______

A. would be a little better than the fourth level

B. may be a lot more desirable than the first four

C. can be the last and most satisfying level

D. will come true if the government takes actions