For as long as humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a spoken language problem, communication can be carried out through sign language, in which gestures stand for letters, words, and ideas. Tourists and people unable to hear or speak have often had to turn to this form of expression. When gestures describe words or ideas, they can often be used internationally. When used for spelling words however, where each gesture stands for a single letter, people must share the same written language.

Body language sends ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either meaningfully or not. A wink can be a way of showing that the person is only joking. A nod means agreement, while shaking the head indicates disagreement.

Other forms of language can be found in Braille (a reading system of raised dots read with the fingertips used by the blind), signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and picture signs also guide and warn people. While language is the most common form of communication, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.

1. What does the author mainly want to say?　　　

A. People can communicate in many different ways.

B. Everybody uses only one form of communication.

C. Language is invaluable to foreigners.

D. Non-spoken communication is of little value.

2. According to the text, which part of the body can be used to show you are joking?

A. Fingers.　　　 B. Eyes.　　　　 C. Head.　　　　　 D. Feet.

3. What can’t be effectively communicated by sign language when people belong to different language groups?

A. Spelling.　　　　　 B. Idea.　　　 C. Whole words.　　　　 D. Expressions.

4. How many different forms of communication are mentioned in the text?

A. Three.　　　 　　 B. Five.　　　 　　 C. Six.　　　　　　　　 　 D. Nine.　

　  Animals can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack, it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend (保护) themselves by using both physical and chemical means.
　　Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines (刺) that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.
　　Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material; eating such grasses wears down the animal's teeth.
　　Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar (毛虫) bites a tobacco leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.
Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China, for instance, has prickly (多刺的) leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous venom (毒液) A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future. 
【小题1】To defend themselves, oak trees use________.

The famous director of a big and expensive movie planned to film a beautiful sunset over the ocean，so that the audiences could see his hero and heroine in front of it at the end of the film as they said goodbye to each other forever.He sent his camera crew out one evening to film the sunset for him.

　 The next morning he said to the men,“Have you provided me with that sunset？”

　 “No，sir,”the men answered.

　 The director was angry.“Why not?” he asked.

　 “Well,sir,”one of the men answered,“we’re on the east coast here，and the sun sets in the west.We can get you a sunrise over the sea，if necessary，but not a sunset.”

　 “But I want a sunset!”the director shouted.“Go to the airport，take the next flight to the west coast，and get one.”

　 But then a young secretary had an idea.“Why don’t you photograph a sunrise，” she suggested，“and then play it backwards? Then it’ll look like a sunset.”

　 “That’s a very good idea！” the director said.Then he turned to the camera crew and said，“Tomorrow morning I want you to get me a beautiful sunrise over the sea.”

　 The camera crew went out early the next morning and filmed a bright sunrise over the beach in the middle of a beautiful bay.Then at nine o’clock they took it to the director.“Here it is，sir，” they said，and gave it to him.He was very pleased.

　 They all went into the studio.“All right，” the director explained，“now our hero and heroine are going to say goodbye.Run the film backwards so that we can see the sunset behind them.”

　 The “sunset” began，but after a quarter of a minute，the director suddenly put his face in his hands and shouted to the camera crew to stop.

　 The birds in the film were flying backwards，and the waves on the sea were going away from the beach.

1.One evening，the director sent his camera crew out 　　　.

　 A.to film a scene on the sea

　 B.to find an actor and an actress

　 C.to watch a beautiful sunset

　 D.to meet the audience

2.Why did the director want to send his crew to the west coast?

　 A.Because he changed his mind about getting a sunset.

　 B.Because he was angry with his crew.

　 C.Because he wanted to get a scene of sunset.

　 D.Because it was his secretary’s suggestion.

3.The director wanted to film a sunset over the ocean because 　　　　.

　 A.it went well with the separation of the hero and heroine

　 B.when they arrived at the beach it was already in the evening

　 C.it was more moving than a sunrise

　 D.the ocean looked more beautiful at sunset

4.After the “sunset” began，the director suddenly put his face in his hands 　　　　.

　 A.because he was moved to tears

　 B.as he saw everything in the film moving backwards

　 C.as the sunrise did not look as beautiful as he had imagined

　 D.because he was disappointed with the performance of the hero and heroine

5.Which of the following is NOT true?

　 A.The crew had to follow the secretary’s advice (忠告).

　 B.If you want to see a sunrise，the east coat is the place to go.

　 C.The camera crew wasn’t able to film the scene the first day.

　 D.The director ordered his crew to stop filming the “sunset”.

Shyness or social anxiety can make socializing very difficult. Not 36 a pleasurable social life means the person is missing a lot in life.” It's not just about going to 37 , but going to social and educational events to learn and develop. Shyness is not allowing people to develop as they 38 , that is why overcoming shyness is so 39 .

　 You should not prevent yourself from having the great pleasures in life 40 you are shy. You must 41 get rid of the social anxiety. Experts will tell you that shyness is part of the growing up process in humans, but 42 for some people it never ends. It may be acceptable if you are shy as a 43 , but to be shy as an adult is going to 44 your social life very painful, if you have any social life at all.

　 The 45 of people suffering from social anxiety is that when social events come up, they respond with a feeling of fear. On the other hand, 46 people would be excited about it. If the shy person is not in control, fear of social events comes automatically.

　 Overcoming shyness is 47 ! In fact, 48 self hypnosis audios (自我催眠音) 49 great and fast for getting rid of the social anxiety.

　 Hypnosis audios will help you 50 and train your unconscious mind to be in control and slowly remove the feeling of fear and you can respond with 51 and pleasure when social events come up. 52 listening just a couple of times, you notice a visible 53 in your behavior. Anxiety levels will go 54 and you will be more relaxed socially and 55 socializing again.

36. A. lacking　 　　　　 B. having　 　　　　　　　 C. enriching 　　　　 D. missing

37. A. parties　 　　　　 B. school　 　　　　　　　 C. work　　　　　　 D. college

38. A. can　　　 　　　 B. may　　　 　　　　　　 C. should　　　　　 D. will

39. A. difficult　 　　　 B. likely　　 　　　　　　　 C. easy　　　　 　　　　　　 D. important

40. A. because　　　 　　　 B. so that　 　　　　　　　 C. but　　　　　 　　 D. after

41. A. therefore　　 B. instead　 　　　　　　　　　　 C. even　　　　　 　 D. still

42. A. unimportantly 　 B. unbelievably　 　　　 C. unfortunately　 　　 D. undoubtedly

43. A. student　　　 B. baby　　　 　　　　　 C. worker　　　　　 D. teenager

44. A. make　　　　　 B. change　　 　　　　　 C. become　　　　　 D. go

45. A. question　　 　 B. problem　 　　　　　　 C. topic　　　　　　 D. solution

46. A. healthy　　　 　 B. usual　　 　　　　　　 C. ordinary　　　　 D. normal

47. A. necessary　　 　 B. possible　 　　　　　　 C. advisory　 　　　 D. troublesome

48. A. coming to　　 　 B. referring to　 　　　 C. listening to　 　　　　 D. applying to

49. A. works　　　　 B. runs　　　　 　　　　　　 C. leaves　　　　 　　 D. adapts

50. A. progress　　 　 B. relax　　　　 　　　　 C. live　　　　　　 　 D. switch

51. A. disappointment B. astonishment　 　　　　　　 C. excitement　 　　　　 D. amazement

52. A. Before　　　 B. After　　　　 　　　 C. Without　　　　 　 D. On

53. A. grades　　　 B. income　　　　 　　 C. difference　　 　　 D. happiness

54. A. down　　　　 B. up　　　　　　 　　 C. out　 　　　　　　 D. off

55. A. dislike　　　 　　 B. enjoy　　　　 　　 C. prefer　　　　 　　 D. avoid

Michel is a young girl who works for the police   36  a handwriting expert. She has helped   37  many criminals (罪犯) by using her special talents.
When she was fourteen, Michel was already   38  interested in the differences in her friends'   39  that she would spend hours  40 them. After 41 college she went to France for a   42  two-year class in handwriting at the School of Police Science.
Michel says that it is  43  for people to hide their handwriting. She can discover _44  of what she needs to know simply   45  looking at the writing with her own eyes,   46  she also has machines   47   help her make    48  different kinds of paper and ink. This knowledge is often   49  great help to the police.
Michel believes that handwriting is a good   50  of what kind of person the 51  is. "I wouldn't go out with a fellow    52  I didn't like his handwriting." She says. But she   53 she fell in love with her future husband, a young policeman   54  she studied his handwriting. It is later proved to be    55 , however.