The history of nomenclature (命名) in Britain is so old that no one knows the beginning of the story. Since written history began， people have had names. It is therefore impossible to do more than guess at how the earliest given names were chosen. Most names appear to have had some sort of original meaning， usually descriptive， rather than being simply a pleasing collection of sounds.

These descriptive names developed both from nouns and adjectives. The Irish Gaelic people  used descriptive nouns and adjectives which were meaningful. Early in prehistory some descriptive names began to be used again and again until they formed a name pool for that particular culture. Parents would choose names from the pool of existing names rather than invent new ones for their children.

With the rise of Christianity (基督教)， Christians were encouraged to name their children after the holy people of the church. These early Christian names can be found in many cultures today， in various forms. The pool of names in use in England changed basically after the Norman came in 1066. Then French names of Germanic origin became popular within three generations. As a result names like Emma， Matilda， Richard， and William， became common in English nomenclature. At the same time a few Old English names， like Edward and Alfred remained because they were names of holy people or kings； others were kept because they were used with slight changes by Germanic names from the Normans like Robert.

Surnames developed from bynames， which are additional ones used to differentiate people with the same given name.  These bynames fall into particular patterns.  These started out as specific  to a person and were taken down from father to son between the twelfth and sixteenth century. The noble usually used taken-down surnames early or the peasants did so later.

We can infer from the text that　　　　.

A.the first given names had not any actual meanings

B.people probably had names when there was no written language

C.the history of nomenclature is shorter than written history

D.names began to be used long after there was written language

The underlined word “they” (in Para.3) refers to “　　　　”.

A.Old English names               B.other names

C.names of Germanic origin  D.names of holy people

According to the text， which of the following statements is TRUE？

A.Robert is a Germanic name from the Normans.

B.Church didn’t encourage nomenclature used in the church.

C.Names like Emma and William were the most popular in 1066.

D.Names like Edward and Alfred were French names of Germanic origin.

Give the right order of surname development in history.

(a)People used bynames to differ people with the same given names.

(b)People chose given names from the pool of existing names.

(c)Bynames started out as specific to a person.

(d)Surnames became popular with common people.

(e)Surnames were taken down from father to son in noble families.

A.b-a-e-c-d          B.a-b-c-d-e        C.a-b-c-e-d      D.b-a-c-e-d

Which group of words can best describe the development of British nomenclature？

A.Additional， Particular and Various

B.Meaningful， Christian and Foreign

C.Descriptive， Meaningful and Germanic

D.Old English-styled， Christian and Original

October 15th is Global Handwashing Day.  Activities are planned in more than twenty countries to get millions of people in the developing world to wash their hands with soap.

Experts say people around the world wash their hands but very few use soap at so-called critical moments. These include after using the toilet, after cleaning a baby and before touching food.

Global Handwashing Day is the idea of the Public-private Partnership for handwashing with soap. The goal, they say, is to create a culture of handwashing with soap. The organizers say all soaps are equally effective at removing disease-causing germs （细菌）. They say the correct way to wash is to wet your hands with a small amount of water and cover them with soap. Rub it into all areas, including under the fingernails. Then, wash well under running water. Finally, dry your hands with a clean cloth.

The Partnership says soap is important because it increases the time that people spend washing. Soap also helps to break up the dirt that holds most of the germs. And it usually leaves a pleasant smell, which increases the chances that people will wash again.

It also says that washing hands with soap before eating and after using the toilet could save more lives than any medicine. It could help reduce cases of diarrhea （痢疾）, which is the second leading cause of child deaths, killing more than one and a half million children a year, by almost half.

What does the author intend to tell us in the passage?

A. To keep healthy by washing hands.     B. To wash hands with soap.

    C. To take action to wash hands.         D. To wash hands often.

Which of the following is the right way to wash hands?

    a. Washing hands well.                 b. Covering hands with soap.

    c. Drying hands.                      d. Rubbing hands with soap.

    e. Wetting hands.

    A. a--c--b--e--d                       B. e--d--a--b--c

    C. a--c--b--d--e                       D. e--b--d--a--c

Which fact can’t explain why soap is important?

    A. It gives people a longer handwashing time.

    B. It helps to remove a lot of germs from hands.

    C. It attracts people to do more handwashing.

    D. It gets all people into the habit of washing hands.

According to the last paragraph, diarrhea is a disease that ________.

    A. kills half of the kids in the developing countries a year

    B. causes the greatest number of child deaths

    C. can be prevented to some degree by washing hands with soap

D. can’t be cured without washing hands

At five he was collecting old newspapers to make money. And when he was 15 he signed his schoolmates up to start a baby-sitting circle.

Now 20, third-year Cambridge University student, Peter Blackburn is managing director of a company with a £ 30,000 plan. And he thinks it will make more than $15,000 by next summer.

He set up Peter Black born Ltd last year to bring out a new, color term-planner that now students all over the UK are using.

“I felt that most of the planners going around were pretty unimaginative,” he says, “I believed that I could do a better job and decided to have a go”.

Blackburn admits that he is putting far more effort into business than his computer studies course at university. While fellow students are out with their friends, he keeps in touch with his business office in Lancashire by movable phone. Before he set up the company he spent one holiday preparing a plan that would persuade his bank to lend him money.

“Most students work hard for a good degree because they believe that will help them get a job to support themselves,” he says “I work hard at my company, because that is what will support me next year, after I leave college.”

Friends believe that Blackburn will make £ 1 million within 5 years.

He is not quite so sure, however. “There’s a lot to be done yet,” he says.

1.Choose the right order of the facts given in the passage.

a. He spent his holiday preparing a plan.

b. He collected newspapers.

c. He set up his own company.

d. He asked the bank for money.

e. He set up a babysitting circle.

A．e, b, c, a, d

B．b, e, a, d, c

C．b, e, d, a, c

D．b, e, c, a, d

2.When he was quite young, Blackburn ____ .

A．already made a lot of money	B．already had a business brain
C．was already managing director of a company	D．already set up his own business

3. The underlined expression in the fourth paragraph “have a go,” here means ____ .

A．give up this job and have a new one	B．leave the company
C．have a try	D．develop my business quickly

4.In spite of a college student, Blackburn ____ .

A．spends more time on his business than on his studies course

B．keep in touch with his business office by movable phone

C．seldom goes out with his friends

D．often spends whole holiday preparing business plan

5. Which of the following best explain why Blackburn works hard at his company?

A．He wants to do more business practice before he leaves college.

B．He wants to make more money before he leaves college.

C．He wants to get a good job like most students after he leaves the college.

D．he depends on the company for his living in the future.

 

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

    Most drinks stating that they are fruit-flavored（水果味道的）contain no fruit at all, while most of the rest contain only a small quantity of fruit, according to a study carried by the British Food Commission.

       “Shoppers need to check the labels（标签）before buying drinks, though sometimes the actual content can be non-existent,” said Food Commission spokesperson Lan Tokelove. “Food production is highly competitive.       It will increase profits, and consumers won’t always realize they are being tricked.”

       Flavorings are focused on the flavors of natural food products such as fruits, meats and vegetables, or creating flavor for food products that do not have the desired flavors. Researchers analyzed the contents of 28 strawberry-flavored products sold in stores.     Of the 11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruit. In addition, each juice box contained nearly eight teaspoons of sugar.

      Let’s take jam as an example. Some strawberry-flavored jam was labeled as containing no artificial colors, flavors, or sweeteners, but it contained absolutely no strawberries at all.

 Consumers have the rights to know clearly about what they have bought. Under current UK law, Food packages do no not have to distinguish between natural and artificial flavoring. “Describing a product as strawberry flavor and covering the surface of the packed with pictures of strawberries is misleading.   Unfortunately, it is also legal and widespread,” Tokelove said.

A. The products which contain real fruit are popular with people.

B. Even products advertised as more natural often contained no fruit.

C. They found that about 60 percent of them didn’t contain any fruit at all.

D. If companies can cut their costs by using flavoring, they are likely to do so.

E. It is important and necessary to demand a small amount of flavoring in the products.

F. Actually the product contains just a tiny percentage of strawberry or even no fruit at all.

G. The Food Commission suggested all flavors used in a product should be listed on the packaging.

Most drinks stating that they are fruit­ flavored (水果味道的) contain no fruit at all, while most of the rest contain only a small quantity of fruit, according to a study carried by the British Food Commission.

“Shoppers need to check the labels (标签) before buying drinks, though sometimes the actual content can be non­existent，” said Food Commission spokesperson Ian Tokelove. “Food production is highly competitive. __1__ It will increase profits, and consumers won't always realize they are being tricked.”

Flavorings are focused on the flavors of natural food products such as fruits, meats and vegetables, or creating flavor for food products that do not have the desired flavors. Researchers analyzed the contents of 28 strawberry­ flavored products sold in stores.    __2__  Of the 11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruit. In addition, each juice box contained nearly eight teaspoons of sugar.

__3__ Let's take jam as an example. Some strawberry­ flavored jam was labeled as containing no artificial colors, flavors, or sweeteners, but it contained absolutely no strawberries at all.

__4__ Consumers have the rights to know clearly about what they have bought. Under current UK law, food packages do not have to distinguish between natural and artificial flavoring. “Describing a product as strawberry flavor and covering the surface of the packet with pictures of strawberries is misleading.   __5__ Unfortunately, it is also legal and widespread，” Tokelove said. “It's time to take measures to protect the consumers' rights.”

A．The products which contain real fruit are popular with people.

B．Even products advertised as more natural often contained no fruit.

C．They found that about 60 percent of them didn't contain any fruit at all.

D．If companies can cut their costs by using flavoring, they are likely to do so.

E. It is important and necessary to demand a small amount of flavoring in the products.

F. Actually the product contains just a tiny percentage of strawberry or even no fruit at all.

G. The Food Commission suggested all flavors used in a product should be listed on the packaging.