Even a small reduction in salt in the diet can be a big help to the heart. A new study used a computer model to predict how just three grams less a day would affect heart disease in the United States.

   The result: 10% fewer heart attacks, 8% fewer strokes, 4% fewer deaths, 11% fewer new cases of heart disease, and 240 billion dollars in health care savings.

   Researchers found it could prevent 100,000 heart attacks and 92,000 deaths every year.

   The study is in the New England Journal of Medicine. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo at the University of California, San Francisco was the lead author. She says people would not even notice a difference in taste with three grams, or one half teaspoon, less salt per day. The team also included researchers at Stanford and Columbia University.

Each gram of salt contains four hundred milligrams of sodium（钠）, which is how foods may list their salt content.

The government says the average American man ears ten grams of salt a day. The American Heart Association advises no more than three grams for healthy people. It says salt in the American diet has increased fifty percent since the nineteen seventies, while blood pressures have also rise. Less salt can mean a lower blood pressure.

New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg is leading effort called the National Salt Reduction Initiative. The idea is to put pressure on food companies and restaurants. Critics call it government interference.

Mayor Bloomberg has already succeeded in other areas, like requiring fast food places in the city to list calorie information. Now a study by the Seattle Children’s Research Institute show that the calorie information on the menu can influence what parents order for their children.

1.According to the passage, what disease is not related to salt in diet?

A.Cancer.                    B. Stroke.                C. Blood pressure.                D. Heart attack.

2.It can be inferred from the passage that________.

A. all the heart diseases result from eating too much salt

B. the American Heart association suggest less than 3 grams of salt a day for everyone

C. how much salt is contained in certain food is measured by the amount of sodium

D. the less salt one eats, the healthier he will be

3.The National Salt Reduction Initiative aims to________.

A. attract the public attention to the problem

B. require fast food places to list salt information

C. inform people of the harm that salt does to health

D. put pressure on food companies and restaurants

4.The last paragraph mainly tells us________.

A. Bloomberg has made some other efforts to improve people’s health

B. Bloomberg is very successful in his career

C. parents must pay great attention to calorie information

D. a new study is being done about calorie information

The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or shared the same birthday.

This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fueling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.

Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.

The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour.

1.The passage mainly deals with????????? .

A. the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer

B. the relationship between genius and success

C. the decisive factor in making a genius

D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction

2.By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could???????? .

A. come to understand the inner structure of writing

B. join a fascinating circle of writers someday

C. share with a novelist her likes and dislikes

D. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security

3. In the girl’s long painstaking training process, ________.

A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success

B. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance

C. she acquires the magic of some great achievement

D. she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write

4.What can be concluded from the passage?

A. A fueling ambition plays a leading role in one’s success

B. A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing.

C. As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. doesn’t matter, but just his/her effort.

D. What really matters is what you do rather than who you are.

短文改错（共10小题；每小题1．5分，满分15分）
此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行做出判断；如无错误，在该行右边横线上画一个勾（ √ ）；如有错误（每行只有一个错误），则按下列情况改正：
此行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线（\ ）划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。
此行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（ ∧ ），在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。
As summer vacation are coming soon, my classmates are  76. _____
trying very hardly to get train tickets to go home. But     77._____
I have made up my minds to spend the vacation far from   78._____
home for first time in my life. My parents have agreed     79._____
to visiting me, and I will have a different vacation. When   80.____
they came here, I will show them around my university    81. _____
and the city just as well. I have decided to buy them       82. ____
some nice gifts. It will be a big surprising for them. My    83._____
parents have done a lot for me, and I think it is high time   84._____
that I did anything special to express my thanks.          85._____

SECTION B (10 points )

Directions: Read the following passage. Answer the questions according to the information given in the passage and the required words limit. Write your answers on your answer sheet.

The average college student in America spent an estimated 700 dollars on textbooks last year. The National Association of College Stores reported more than five billion dollars in sales of textbooks and course materials.

Association spokesman Charles Schmidt says electronic textbooks now represent just two to three percent of sales. But he says that is expected to reach 10 to 15 percent by 2012.

Online versions are now available for many of the most popular college textbooks. E-textbooks can cost half the price of a new print textbook. But students usually lose access after the end of the term. And the books cannot be placed on more than one device, so they are not easy to share.

So what do students think of e-textbooks? Administrators at Northwest Missouri State University wanted to find out. Earlier this year they tested them with 500 students in 20 classes.

The students in the survey reported that downloading the books from the Internet was easy. They liked the idea of carrying lighter backpacks. And 56 percent said they were better able to find information.

But most found that using e-textbooks did not change their study habits. And 60 percent felt they read more when they were reading on paper. In all, almost half the students said they still liked physical textbooks better.

But the survey found that cost could be a big influence. 55 percent said they would choose e-textbooks if using them meant their textbook rental fee would not increase.

Roger Von Holzen heads the Center for Information Technology in Education at Northwest Missouri State. He tells us that administrators are disappointed with the e-textbooks now available because the majority are not interactive.

He thinks growth will come when more digital books include video, activities, games and other ways to interact with the information. The technology is improving. But for now, most of the books are just words on a screen.

81. How much do the average college student in America spend on textbooks last year? （no more than 4 words）

______________________________________________________________________________

82. What is the percentage of the e-textbook sales now according to Charles Schmidt? （no more than 4 words）

______________________________________________________________________________

83. What do students think of downloading the books from the Internet in the survey? （no more than 2 words）

______________________________________________________________________________

84. Why are administrators disappointed with the e-textbooks now available? （no more than 6 words）

______________________________________________________________________________

Searching for airfares often seems like a game that passengers are bound to lose.

Prices change from day to day, even minute to minute. Looking through multiple websites for the best deal can be a big challenge. Even when you do book, there’s no guarantee that you are going to get the best price.

 “You just don’t know when to pull the trigger. It’s not like buying anything else I can think of,” said George Hobica, founder of Airfarewatchdog.com.

Harriet Levy paid $179 for a recent round-trip flight on American Airlines between New York and Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Sitting just one row behind her, Shirley Harrison paid $215. A few rows back, Ellis and Dianne Traub paid $317 each. There were at least 12 fares on the flight, ranging from $169 to $360.

There’s no reason for it, Harrison said.

Fares can vary significantly in just a few hours. One Delta flight from New York to Los Angeles jumped from $755 to $1,143 from a Friday to Saturday in late April, then fell to $718 on Sunday.

The flight was one of a dozen the Associated Press (美国联合通讯社)followed over three months for a vacation between July 16 and 22. The number one finding: avoid booking tickets on weekends. It’s the most expensive time to buy.

There’s no way to guarantee the best fare. But before booking, travelers should pay attention to this additional advice:

  ● Book on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday. That’s when airlines most often offer sales.

  ● Buy in advance, but not too early. The best time is four to six weeks before traveling. In general, prices for any given flight are highest eight to ten weeks and two to three weeks in advance.

  ● Make use of social media. Airlines are giving more benefits like exclusive (独家) sales to travelers who interact (互动) with them on Twitter and Facebook. Those specials are often gone within hours.

  ● The so-called discount airlines – JetBlue, Air-Tran, Southwest and Frontier – adjust their fares less frequently than other airlines, so you can feel more confident that the price will stay the same. But their prices aren’t always the lowest. Researching multiple airlines’ fares is the only way to get a good deal.

1. What can we infer from the first sentence of the text?

A. Passengers are unable to search for airfares.

B. Airlines often play games with passengers.

C. Airfares are set in different situations.

D. It’s difficult for passengers to get the best price.

2.The underlined phrase “pull the trigger” in Paragraph 3 probably means _______.   

A. start searching                                  B. get the highest price   

C. make a purchase                                        D. get on board the plane

3.By using a lot of figures, the author intends to _______.

A. show there is standard price for every single airline

B. discover the rules behind airfares

C. guarantee passengers a low price

D. prove airfares can vary widely

4.Passengers are advised to book flights _______.

A. in the middle of the week

B. on special websites

C. several months before traveling

D. with airlines which are famous for offering discount prices