A Concussion（脑震荡） happens when the brain is shaken, often in a car crash or a fall or a strike on; the head in sports．Concussions can be mild, but doctors may order a CT scan to look for a more serious injury．But a recent study warned that more children than necessary are being exposed（使遭受） to radiation this way．

A national team led by two doctors at the University of California, Davis, studied hospital records from thousands of children with head injuries. They found that in many cases, the risk of developing cancer from the radiation outweighed the risk of a serious brain injury.

The study found that one in five children over age two had a low risk of serious injury but received CT scans anyway. The same was true of almost one in four children under two years of age.

The researchers have developed rules to predict if a head injury is serious enough for a scan. For children under two, doctors are advised against it if there is:

·Normal mental activity.

·No swelling in the back of the head.

·No feeling of a broken bone in the skull. (头骨)

·And no loss of consciousness for more than five seconds.

Doctors should also consider how the child was injured and whether the parents say the child is acting normally.

For patients from two to eighteen, the guidelines are similar —— except there should be no l vomiting（呕吐）and no severe headache.

Earlier this year, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published new guidelines for concussions in children and teens. International experts said they should not return to sports or school until fully recovered. The brain also needs a "cognitive rest," they say, by restricting activities like video games, texting and watching TV.

It often take longer than adults to recover from a concussion than adults. The experts say individual progress and not a set time period should always guide a decision to return to play.

The researchers at the -University of California found that children who received CT scans

       A．were likely to suffer brain injuries 

       B．wouldn't have normal mental activity

       C．would lose consciousness now and then 

       D．were likely to develop canter

How many aspects should doctors consider when deciding whether a child under two needs a CT scan?      

       A．Four．     B．Six．       C．Seven．   D．Nine．

What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?

       A．Texting is harmful to patients’ recovery from concussions．

       B．Patients with brain injuries can play many sports．

       C．Adults need a longer time than teens to recover from concussions．

       D．It takes at least a year for individuals with brain injuries to fully recover．

The author of the passage mainly___．

       A．describes the risks of brain injuries

       B．suggests CT scans are of practical use

       C．tells us about the risks of brain injury tests

       D．argues against new guidelines for concussions

A Concussion（脑震荡） happens when the brain is shaken, often in a car crash or a fall or a strike on; the head in sports．Concussions can be mild, but doctors may order a CT scan to look for a more serious injury．But a recent study warned that more children than necessary are being exposed（使遭受） to radiation this way．
A national team led by two doctors at the University of California, Davis, studied hospital records from thousands of children with head injuries. They found that in many cases, the risk of developing cancer from the radiation outweighed the risk of a serious brain injury.
The study found that one in five children over age two had a low risk of serious injury but received CT scans anyway. The same was true of almost one in four children under two years of age.
The researchers have developed rules to predict if a head injury is serious enough for a scan. For children under two, doctors are advised against it if there is:
·Normal mental activity.
·No swelling in the back of the head.
·No feeling of a broken bone in the skull. (头骨)
·And no loss of consciousness for more than five seconds.
Doctors should also consider how the child was injured and whether the parents say the child is acting normally.
For patients from two to eighteen, the guidelines are similar —— except there should be no l vomiting（呕吐）and no severe headache.
Earlier this year, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published new guidelines for concussions in children and teens. International experts said they should not return to sports or school until fully recovered. The brain also needs a "cognitive rest," they say, by restricting activities like video games, texting and watching TV.
It often take longer than adults to recover from a concussion than adults. The experts say individual progress and not a set time period should always guide a decision to return to play.
【小题1】The researchers at the -University of California found that children who received CT scans

A Concussion（脑震荡） happens when the brain is shaken, often in a car crash or a fall or a strike on; the head in sports．Concussions can be mild, but doctors may order a CT scan to look for a more serious injury．But a recent study warned that more children than necessary are being exposed（使遭受） to radiation this way．

A national team led by two doctors at the University of California, Davis, studied hospital records from thousands of children with head injuries. They found that in many cases, the risk of developing cancer from the radiation outweighed the risk of a serious brain injury.

The study found that one in five children over age two had a low risk of serious injury but received CT scans anyway. The same was true of almost one in four children under two years of age.

The researchers have developed rules to predict if a head injury is serious enough for a scan. For children under two, doctors are advised against it if there is:

·Normal mental activity.

·No swelling in the back of the head.

·No feeling of a broken bone in the skull. (头骨)

·And no loss of consciousness for more than five seconds.

Doctors should also consider how the child was injured and whether the parents say the child is acting normally.

For patients from two to eighteen, the guidelines are similar —— except there should be no l vomiting（呕吐）and no severe headache.

Earlier this year, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published new guidelines for concussions in children and teens. International experts said they should not return to sports or school until fully recovered. The brain also needs a "cognitive rest," they say, by restricting activities like video games, texting and watching TV.

It often take longer than adults to recover from a concussion than adults. The experts say individual progress and not a set time period should always guide a decision to return to play.

1.The researchers at the -University of California found that children who received CT scans

         A．were likely to suffer brain injuries    

         B．wouldn't have normal mental activity

         C．would lose consciousness now and then 

         D．were likely to develop canter

2.How many aspects should doctors consider when deciding whether a child under two needs a CT scan?       

         A．Four．        B．Six．  C．Seven．     D．Nine．

3.What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?

         A．Texting is harmful to patients’ recovery from concussions．

         B．Patients with brain injuries can play many sports．

         C．Adults need a longer time than teens to recover from concussions．

         D．It takes at least a year for individuals with brain injuries to fully recover．

4.The author of the passage mainly___．

         A．describes the risks of brain injuries

         B．suggests CT scans are of practical use

         C．tells us about the risks of brain injury tests

         D．argues against new guidelines for concussions

A Concussion（脑震荡） happens when the brain is shaken, often in a car crash or a fall or a strike on; the head in sports．Concussions can be mild, but doctors may order a CT scan to look for a more serious injury．But a recent study warned that more children than necessary are being exposed（使遭受） to radiation this way．
A national team led by two doctors at the University of California, Davis, studied hospital records from thousands of children with head injuries. They found that in many cases, the risk of developing cancer from the radiation outweighed the risk of a serious brain injury.
The study found that one in five children over age two had a low risk of serious injury but received CT scans anyway. The same was true of almost one in four children under two years of age.
The researchers have developed rules to predict if a head injury is serious enough for a scan. For children under two, doctors are advised against it if there is:
·Normal mental activity.
·No swelling in the back of the head.
·No feeling of a broken bone in the skull. (头骨)
·And no loss of consciousness for more than five seconds.
Doctors should also consider how the child was injured and whether the parents say the child is acting normally.
For patients from two to eighteen, the guidelines are similar —— except there should be no l vomiting（呕吐）and no severe headache.
Earlier this year, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published new guidelines for concussions in children and teens. International experts said they should not return to sports or school until fully recovered. The brain also needs a "cognitive rest," they say, by restricting activities like video games, texting and watching TV.
It often take longer than adults to recover from a concussion than adults. The experts say individual progress and not a set time period should always guide a decision to return to play

1. 1.

   The researchers at the -University of California found that children who received CT scans

   1. A.
      were likely to suffer brain injuries
   2. B.
      wouldn’t have normal mental activity
   3. C.
      would lose consciousness now and then
   4. D.
      were likely to develop canter
2. 2.

   How many aspects should doctors consider when deciding whether a child under two needs a CT scan?

   1. A.
      Four．
   2. B.
      Six．
   3. C.
      Seven．
   4. D.
      Nine．
3. 3.

   What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?

   1. A.
      Texting is harmful to patients’ recovery from concussions．
   2. B.
      Patients with brain injuries can play many sports．
   3. C.
      Adults need a longer time than teens to recover from concussions．
   4. D.
      It takes at least a year for individuals with brain injuries to fully recover．
4. 4.

   The author of the passage mainly___．

   1. A.
      describes the risks of brain injuries
   2. B.
      suggests CT scans are of practical use
   3. C.
      tells us about the risks of brain injury tests
   4. D.
      argues against new guidelines for concussions

People with disabilities make up a large part of the population. It is estimated（估计） that over 35 million Americans have physical, mental, or other disabilities. About half of these disabilities are “developmental", i.e., they occur before the individual's twenty-second birthday, often from genetic conditions, and are severe enough to affect three or more areas of development, such as mobility, communication, employment, etc. Most other disabilities are considered “adventitious", i.e., accidental or caused by outside forces.

Prior to the 20th century, only a small percentage of people with disabilities survived for long. Medical treatment for these disabilities was unavailable. Advancements in medicine and social services have created a climate in which people with disabilities can expect to have such basic needs as food, shelter, and medical treatment. Unfortunately, these basics are often not available. Civil liberties such as the right to vote, marry, get an education, and gain employment have historically been denied on the basis of disability.

In recent decades, the disability rights movement has been organized to fight against these infringements（违反, 侵犯）of civil rights. Congress responded by passing major legislation recognizing people with disabilities as a protected class under civil rights statutes.

Still today, people with disabilities must fight to live their lives independently. It is estimated that more than half of qualified Americans with disabilities are unemployed, and a majority of those who do work are underemployed. About two-thirds live at or below the official poverty level.

Significant barriers, especially in transportation and public awareness, prevent disabled people from taking part in society. For example, while no longer prohibited by law from marrying, a person with no access to transportation is effectively excluded from community and social activities which might lead to the development of long-term relationships.

Only when public attitudes advance as far as laws have will disabled people be fully able to take their rightful place in society.

1．A “developmental" disability ______.

A. develops very slowly over time       B. occurs in youth and affects development

C. is caused by forces                 D. is getting more and more severe

2．Most disabled people used to die early because ______.

  A. disabilities destroyed major bodily functions   

B. medical techniques were not available 

C. they were not very well looked after

D. they were too poor to get proper treatment

3．In the author's opinion, to enable the disabled people to take their rightful place in society, ____.

A. more laws should be passed            B. more public facilities should be set up

C. government should provide more aids    D. public attitudes should be changed

4．Which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage?

  A. Many disabled people may remain single for their whole life.

B. Discriminatory（带歧视性的）laws prevent the disabled from mixing with others.

C. The public tends to look down upon the disabled people.

  D. The disabled people feel inferior to（低于）those surrounding them.

5．The best title for this passage might be ______.   

  A. Handicaps（障碍）of People with Disabilities

  B. The physical difficulties of the Disabled

  C. The Causes for Disabilities

D. Medical Treatments for Disabilities