1._____   People with intellectual disability form one of the largest single disability groups in a community. Intellectual disability refers to a general slowness to learn and function within society, and the identification of intellectual disability is usually based on an assessment of a person's performance in a variety of tests. An individual's level of performance, as assessed, can change with time and circumstances. With skilled training and opportunity for development, people with intellectual disability have much greater potential for acquiring skills and for participation in community life than previously had been thought possible.

2._____   In many western societies, five categories of intellectual disability have traditionally been used in order to indicate the perceived degree of difficulty an individual has with learning. All five may occur in either children, adolescent or adult, and show as mild, moderate, severe, profound or multiple intellectual disability.

3.______   For the majority of intellectual disabilities, there is no identifiable cause but there are some causes that are well documented. They include: brain damage at birth due to lack of oxygen--- prolonged labor during childbirth; brain damage before birth due to factors such as rubella, drug or diet-related problems; damage after birth due to illnesses such as encephalitis or accident; hereditary defects in the genes; abnormal chromosome count resulting in, for example, Down Syndrome.

4.______   Like everyone else, people with an intellectual disability need a rewarding job, a satisfying place to live and a good social life. But they may need extra support to achieve these things. Good support services are based on the principle of normalization---which means enabling people to be part of the community like everyone else.

5.______   With the introduction of the intellectually disabled into communities, there is a need to promote awareness of communication. Although many people may have little experience in talking with an intellectually disabled person, there are common guidelines that can simplify the interaction. Firstly, it is useful to remember that people with disabilities have feelings .Speaking in the same friendly manner as you would to anyone else is also recommended. Being prepared to wait a little longer for replies during a conversation with an intellectually disabled person would undoubtedly benefit the exchange.

List of Headings

A.  What do people with an intellectual disability need?

B.  What is intellectual disability?

C.  How do people with an intellectual disability talk?

D.  What are the forms of intellectual disability?

E.  What causes intellectual disability?

F.    How do you talk to a person with an intellectual disability?

 

Many people have tried to simplify (简化) the spelling of English words.Unlike other languages，English sometimes spells the same sounds in very different ways.For example，there is “light” but “white”，“loan” but “phone”，and there are at least seven different ways of pronouncing “ough”：“though”，“through”，“bough”，“cough”，“enough”，“ought” and “thorough”．

The American President Theodore Roosevelt almost succeeded in simplifying English spelling.In 1906，Andrew Carnegie started the Simplified Spelling Board.He was one of the richest men in the United States of America.The board’s plan was to make the spelling of words nearer to the way they sound.For example，the word “though” would be spelt “tho” and “through” would become “thru”．Other people on the board were Melvil Dewey，the head of the New York libraries，and Professor Brander Matthews of Columbia University.They explained their idea to President Roosevelt，who thought that it was indeed logical.He immediately asked the government printer to use simplified spelling in all government letters.

But people didn’t like the change，even if it made life easier.So the new simpler spelling was not popular.More importantly，when the American politicians (政客) discussed the plan，they did not like it either.Because Roosevelt did not want to have any problems with the politicians，he changed his mind and told the printer to go back to the old way of spelling.

Since then no one in any government has dared to simplify English spelling.However，people do simplify some words，mainly in advertisements.For example，we often see “tonite” instead of “tonight” and “thru” instead of “through”．

68．Many people have tried to simplify English spelling because________.

A．English words are too long to remember

B．there are many mistakes in English words

C．lots of words are spelt in many different ways

D．sometimes the same sounds have different spellings

69．Who is NOT a member of the Simplified Spelling Board?

A．Andrew Carnegie.                               B．Melvil Dewey.

C．Theodore Roosevelt.                            D．Brander Matthews.

70．What was Theodore Roosevelt’s attitude towards simplified spelling?

A．Worried.                                             B．Supportive. 

C．Uncertain.                                          D．Doubtful.

Many people have tried to simplify (简化) the spelling of English words.Unlike other languages，English sometimes spells the same sounds in very different ways.For example，there is “light” but “white”，“loan” but “phone”，and there are at least seven different ways of pronouncing “ough”：“though”，“through”，“bough”，“cough”，“enough”，“ought” and “thorough”．

The American President Theodore Roosevelt almost succeeded in simplifying English spelling.In 1906，Andrew Carnegie started the Simplified Spelling Board.He was one of the richest men in the United States of America.The board’s plan was to make the spelling of words nearer to the way they sound.For example，the word “though” would be spelt “tho” and “through” would become “thru”．Other people on the board were Melvil Dewey，the head of the New York libraries，and Professor Brander Matthews of Columbia University.They explained their idea to President Roosevelt，who thought that it was indeed logical.He immediately asked the government printer to use simplified spelling in all government letters.

But people didn’t like the change，even if it made life easier.So the new simpler spelling was not popular.More importantly，when the American politicians (政客) discussed the plan，they did not like it either.Because Roosevelt did not want to have any problems with the politicians，he changed his mind and told the printer to go back to the old way of spelling.

Since then no one in any government has dared to simplify English spelling.However，people do simplify some words，mainly in advertisements.For example，we often see “tonite” instead of “tonight” and “thru” instead of “through”．

58．Many people have tried to simplify English spelling because________.

A．English words are too long to remember

B．there are many mistakes in English words

C．lots of words are spelt in many different ways

D．sometimes the same sounds have different spellings

59．Who is NOT a member of the Simplified Spelling Board?

A．Andrew Carnegie.                               B．Melvil Dewey.

C．Theodore Roosevelt.                            D．Brander Matthews.

60．What was Theodore Roosevelt’s attitude towards simplified spelling?

A．Worried.                                             B．Supportive.

C．Uncertain.                                           D．Doubtful.

A. Independence leading to family breakup B. Women’s easy and convenient life in USA C. No marriage for many people nowadays D. Average American families getting small E. Full freedom for young women F. Divorce--- a social problem in USA

【小题1】_________
Marriage, like other social instructions, is showing the strains of modern life. While more Americans are getting married today than ever before, the divorce rate is also disturbingly on the rise (one divorce for every three marriages last year). Why should this be so, and what, if anything, can we do to reverse this trend?
【小题2】__________
For most people, life is easier and more comfortable than ever before. Convenience foods from the supermarket simplify shopping and cooking. Household appliances like the vacuum cleaner and the washing machine have made housework much easier to do. Released from these household chores, many wives have found jobs outside the home. Women are achieving economic independence.
【小题3】_______
Families, too, are simpler today. In American, it is not customary for parents to live with their married children. With our greater mobility, relatives have scattered, the parents retiring to Florida or Arizona and the young people, after they marry, going wherever their jobs or their interests take them.
【小题4】________
Young adult women have new freedom, too. While attending college, they often live away from home, sometimes far from their parents or their relatives. After college, they move to the city, find a job, and set up “bachelor” apartment. This is the era of women’s liberation.
【小题5】________
But all this freedom and affluence have had an unforeseen and in some respects a devastating effect on marriage. Men and women, no longer dependent on each other for food and maintenance, find it harder to accept the responsibilities and restraints or endurance the misunderstandings of married life. When happiness becomes misery, many couples decide to terminate their marriage through divorce. On the other hand, there is a growing trend today for couples in trouble to try to save their marriage by consulting a professional counselor. He listens patiently while they talk, knowing that only through self-understanding can they solve their problems.

 

A. Independence leading to family breakup

B. Women’s easy and convenient life in USA

C. No marriage for many people nowadays

D. Average American families getting small

E. Full freedom for young women

F. Divorce--- a social problem in USA

1._________

Marriage, like other social instructions, is showing the strains of modern life. While more Americans are getting married today than ever before, the divorce rate is also disturbingly on the rise (one divorce for every three marriages last year). Why should this be so, and what, if anything, can we do to reverse this trend?

2.__________

For most people, life is easier and more comfortable than ever before. Convenience foods from the supermarket simplify shopping and cooking. Household appliances like the vacuum cleaner and the washing machine have made housework much easier to do. Released from these household chores, many wives have found jobs outside the home. Women are achieving economic independence.

3._______

Families, too, are simpler today. In American, it is not customary for parents to live with their married children. With our greater mobility, relatives have scattered, the parents retiring to Florida or Arizona and the young people, after they marry, going wherever their jobs or their interests take them.

4.________

Young adult women have new freedom, too. While attending college, they often live away from home, sometimes far from their parents or their relatives. After college, they move to the city, find a job, and set up “bachelor” apartment. This is the era of women’s liberation.

5.________

But all this freedom and affluence have had an unforeseen and in some respects a devastating effect on marriage. Men and women, no longer dependent on each other for food and maintenance, find it harder to accept the responsibilities and restraints or endurance the misunderstandings of married life. When happiness becomes misery, many couples decide to terminate their marriage through divorce. On the other hand, there is a growing trend today for couples in trouble to try to save their marriage by consulting a professional counselor. He listens patiently while they talk, knowing that only through self-understanding can they solve their problems.