The rise of multinational corporations （跨国公司）, global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR．

　　Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, America’s relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries． Ten years ago, for example, the world’s top five public relations agencies were American-owned． In 1991, only one was． The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative． A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate （公司的） planning activities, compared to about one-third of U．S． companies． It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR．

　　Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs． Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country． Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts （相对应的人） in knowing a second language． Less than 5 percent of Burson—Marshall’s U．S．employees know two languages． Ogilvy and Mather have about the same percentage． Conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language． Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs． In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal． Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and The Economist, publications not often read in this country．

Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN （Cable News Network）． Turner recently announced that the word “foreign” would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts． According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such thing as foreign．

1.Compared with the American PR personnel, what is/are an advantage（s） of the non-Americans involved in PR?

         A． They tend to be more internationally minded

         B． They speak more and better foreign languages．

         C． They usually pay more attention to global financial situation．

         D． Both A and B．

2.What is the immediate cause of the downfall of America’s public relations?

         A． The number of US public relations agencies had greatly decreased by 1991．

         B． Other countries have increased their efforts in public relations．

         C． On the global scale, cultural differences have significantly shrunk．

         D． The British companies are becoming especially sophisticated and creative in public relations．

3.It could be inferred that the author of the passage is______．

         A． an American                                                            B． a Briton                                                     

         C． Ted Turner                                                                D． an Asian

4.The underlined word “provincial” in paragraph 3 could possibly mean “      ”．

         A． strict in thinking                B． like people from rural areas

         C． limited in outlook             D． interested in geographical knowledge

D
Mayor Boris Johnson Monday outlined plans to make London “the cleanest, greenest city on Earth” by the 2012 Olympics and called for commitments from other world cities at a climate change conference. Leaders of the world’s 40 largest cities are meeting in Seoul this week for a summit on combating global warming –the third to be held since 2005.
“What we should do in Seoul is that we will stop the endless addiction of mankind to the internal combustion engine (内燃机),” said Johnson. He said at a press conference the world’s cities consume 75 percent of the world’s energy and produce 80 percent of the emissions which cause climate change. “The problem of our planet is an urban problem,” Johnson said.
He said the British capital wants to use the Olympics” to drive the greeting and the improvement of our city and noted that London is committed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60 percent by 2025.
Johnson said the key measure was being taken to solve problems relating to housing and commercial buildings, which accounted for 70 percent of carbon dioxide emissions in London. This involved retrofitting (翻新) ---installing lagging – in large numbers of public buildings.
Johnson proclaimed himself a “passionate cyclist” and said he would push ahead with cycle superhighways around London.
London’s air quality problem, he said, was caused by vehicle emissions from 8,300 worn and used diesel (柴油buses, which could be replaced by low-carbon vehicle. In addition, there were also 32,000 taxis running on diesel fuel, which could be replaced by electric vehicle.
Johnson said there would be a few programs in the next few years to produce a “cleaner, greener” bus for the city. “The age of the diesel bus has got to be over in London.”
68. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to this passage?
London’s air quality will be improved in the near future.
The used buses running on diesel will be replaced by electric vehicles.
London promises to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60 percent by 2025.
Something has been done to solve the problem of carbon dioxide emissions.
69What does the underlined word mean in the first paragraph?
A. resisting     B. supporting   C. agreeing        D. solving
70. The topic of the meeting in Seoul might be _____.
A. climate change                        B. global warming
C. London Olympics in 2012               D. green environment
71. If the passage was continually written, the following might be ______.
A. measures to end the age of the diesel bus
B. measures to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in London
C. measures to solve housing and commercial items
D. measures to replace the old and used vehicles

Dropouts for Ph. D. s

Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.

The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.

Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated 'because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’

"The results of our research" Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."

1.    Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.

2.    Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialties.

3.    Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.

Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.

As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. 's with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. 's shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. 's tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.

As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.

The author states that many educators feel that            

[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.

[B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.

[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.

[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.

  Research has shown that          

[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. 's in financial attainment.

[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.

[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.

[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.

  Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.

[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.

[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.

[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.

[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.

  After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that          

[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.

[B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.

[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.

[D] Ph. D. 's are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.

  It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in            

[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.

[B] academic requirement too high.

[C] salary for dropouts too high.

[D] 1000 positions.