Not all of us know the difference ________ wheat, oats and barley.

A. among B. between      C. from     D. in

Not all memories are sweet. Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences .Violence and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional scars . Often they relive (重新体验) these experiences in nightmares .

Now American researchers think they are close to developing a pill ,which will help people forget bad memories . The pill is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience . They hope it might reduce , or possible erase (抹去) the effect of painful memories .

In November, experts tested a drug on people in the US and France. The drug stops the body releasing chemicals that fix memories in the brain . So far the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced , not that the memories are eased .

The research has caused a great deal of argument . Some think it is a bad idea , while others support it . Supporters say it could lead to pills that prevent or treat soldiers’ troubling memories after war .

They say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories . “Some memories can ruin people’s lives . They come back to you when you don’t want to have them in a daydream or nightmare . They usually come with very painful emotions ,” said Roger Pitman , a professor of psychiatry (精神病学) at Harvard Medical School. “This could relieve a lot of that suffering .”

But those who are against the research say that changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity (物质). They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past . “All of us can think of bad events in our lives that were horrible at the time but make us who we are . I’m not sure we’d want to wipe those memories out.” said Rebecca Dresser , a medical ethicist (伦理学家).

Some people fear that although the drug would first be used in only very serious cases , it would become more and more common . “People always have the ability to misuse science,” said Joeph Le Doux, a New York University memory researcher . “All we want to do is help people have better control of memories .”

What’s the main idea of the text ?

      A．People often suffer from bad memories .

       B．American researchers are trying to develop a pill .

       C．Forget bad memories , and be happy .

       D．The research has cause a heated argument .

The underlined word “it” in paragraph 4 refers to “       ”.

       A．the new drug          B．the research into the drug

       C．the memory            D．the chemical in the drug  

Which of the following is not the opinion of the supporters ?

       A．The pill can erase all the memories in the past

       B．Some memories can ruin people’s lives. The pill can relieve emotional suffering .

       C．The pill can also help many other types of people who suffer from terrible memories .

       D．The pill can also prevent or treat troubling memories in soldiers after war

Which of the following is not the opinion of the opponents (反对者)?

       A．Our memories give us our identity .

       B．The memories help humanity avoid mistake of the past .

       C．The drug should be used in only very serious cases .

       D．People may not be sure whether they want to wipe the memories out .

It could be inferred from the passage that         .

       A．the pill has been developed and will be more and more common

       B．the pill has helped soldiers forget bad experiences during the war .

       C．The pill is being tested on some people by some researchers .

       D．The pill will be forbidden because people have different opinions of it .

NOT all memories are sweet. Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences. Violence and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional scars. Often they relive these experiences in nightmares.

Now American researchers think they are close to developing a pill, which will help people forget bad memories. The pill is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience. They hope it might reduce, or possibly wipe out, the effect of painful memories.

In November, experts tested a drug on people in the US and France. The drug stops the body releasing chemicals that fix memories in the brain. So far the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced, not that the memories are wiped out. They are not sure to what degree people’s memories are affected.

The research has caused a great deal of argument. Some think it is a bad idea, while others support it.

Supporters say it could lead to pills that prevent or treat soldiers' troubling memories after war.

They say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories.

"Some memories can ruin people's lives. They come back to you when you don't want to have them in a daydream or nightmare. They usually come with very painful emotions," said Roger Pitman, a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. "This could relieve a lot of that suffering."

But those who are against the research say that maybe the pills can change people’s memories and changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity. They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past.

"All of us can think of bad events in our lives that were terrible at the time but make us who we are. I'm not sure we want to wipe those memories out, "said Rebecca Dresser, a medical ethicist.

The passage is mainly about               .

A. a new medical invention            

B. a new research on the pill

C. a way of wiping out painful memories 

 D. an argument about the research on the pill

The drug tested on people can            .

A. cause the brain to fix memories      

B. stop people remembering bad experiences

C. prevent body producing certain chemicals

D. wipe out the emotional effects of memories

We can infer from the passage that            .

A. people doubt the effects of the pills

B. the pill will certainly stop people's emotional memories

C. taking the pill will do harm to people's physical health

D. the pill has already been produced and used by the public in America

Which of the following does Rebecca Dresser agree with in the last paragraph ?

A. some memories can ruin people's lives.

B. people want to get rid of bad memories.

C. experiencing bad events makes us different from others.

D. the pill will reduce people's sufferings from bad memories.

You may probably read the passage in __________

A. a guidebook                          B. a textbook  

C. a medical magazine                    D. a science fiction

Not all memories are sweet. Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences. Violence and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional scars. Often they relive (重新体验) these experiences in nightmares.

Now American researchers think they are close to developing a pill, which will help people forget bad memories. The pill is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience. They hope it might reduce, or possibly erase (抹去), the effect of painful memories.

In November, experts tested a drug on people in the US and France. The drug stops the body releasing chemicals that fix memories in the brain. So far the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced, not that the memories are erased.

The research has caused a great deal of argument. Some think it is a bad idea, while others support it. Supporters say it could lead to pills that prevent or treat soldiers’ troubling memories after war.

They say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories.“Some memories can ruin people’s lives. They come back to you when you don’t want to have them in a daydream or nightmare. They usually come with very painful emotions,”said Roger Pitman, a professor of psychiatry (精神病学) at Harvard Medical School.“This could relieve a lot of that suffering.”

But those who are against the research say that changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity (特质). They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past. “All of us can think of bad events in our lives that were horrible at the time but make us who we are. I'm not sure we'd want to wipe those memories out,” said Rebecca Dresser, a medical ethicist (伦理学家).

Some people fear that although the drug would first be used in only very serious cases, it would become more and more common. “People always have the ability to misuse science,”said Joseph LeDoux, a New York University memory researcher. “All we want to do is help people have better control of memories.”

What’s the main idea of the text?

A. People often suffer from bad memories.

B. American researchers are trying to develop a pill.

C. Forget bad memories, and be happy.   

D. The research has caused a heated argument.

The underlined word “it” in paragraph 4 refers to “_____”.

A. the new drug                                 B. the research into the drug

C. the memory                          D. the chemical in the drug

Which of the following is not the opinion of the supporters?

A. The pill can erase all the memories in the past.

B. Some memories can ruin people’s life. The pill can relieve emotional suffering.

C. The pill can also help many people who suffer from terrible memories.

D. The pill can prevent or treat troubling memories in soldiers after war.

Which of the following is not the opinion of the opponents (反对者)?

A. Our memories give us our identity.

B. The memories help humanity avoid mistakes of the past.

C. The drug should be used in only very serious cases.

D. People may not be sure whether they want to wipe the memories out.

Not all think laughter is the best medicine, but it seems to help．So scientists carried on a new study of diabetes （糖尿病） patients who were given a good dose of humor for a year to prove it．

       Researchers divide 20 high-risk diabetic patients into two groups．Both groups were given standard diabetes medicine．Group L viewed 30 minutes of humor of their choice, while Group C, the control group, did not．This went on for a year of treatments．

       By two months into the study, the patients in the laughter group had lower level of the hormones epinephrine （肾上腺素）, considered to cause stress, which is known to be deadly．After the 12 months, HDL cholesterol rises 26 percent in Group L but only 3 percent in Group        C．In another measure, C-reactive proteins, a maker of heart disease, drop 66 percent in the laughter group but only 26 percent in the control group．

       “The best doctors believe that there is a physical good brought about by the positive emotion, happy laughter,” said study leader Lee Berk of Loma Linda University．And other research has found that humor makes us more hopeful．Still, more study is needed, Berk said．The research by Berk found that humor can bring about similar changes in body chemistry, which was proved in the new study．The research result will be presented this month at the meeting in the US．Research at the University of Maryland School of Medicine shows that laughter causes the inner lining of blood vessels to expand, increasing blood flow in a way thought to be healthy．

       “Lifestyle choices have an important effect on health and these are choices which we and patients should pay attention to, rather than prevention and treatment,” Berk said in a statement this week．

Why did the scientists carry on the new research?

       A．To find out if laughter was good to health．

       B．To discover the best medicine to cure diabetes．

       C．Because the number of diabetic patients is the largest in the world．

       D．Because diabetic patients need more laughter than other patients．

After 12 months into the study, ___________．

       A．C-reactive proteins increase 66 percent in Group C

       B．the level of the hormones epinephrine stays the same in both groups

       C．the level of the hormones epinephrine has dropped

       D．C-reactive proteins reduced 66 percent in Group L

The underlined part “HDL cholesterol” in Paragraph 3 must be _______．

       A．something bad to our health       B．something good to our health

       C．a kind of wonderful medicine      D．a kind of dangerous disease

In what way does laughter benefit people’s health?

       A．Blood is made thick by laughter．        B．Laughter makes blood vessels thin．

       C．Laughter increases blood pressure．      D．Laughter makes blood flow fast．

According to Berk, we should _________．

       A．choose lifestyles carefully         B．change our lifestyles

       C．prevent our lifestyles in advance    D．pay less attention to the positive emotion