“Business is war.” The traditional language of business certainly makes it sound that way: winning the competition, getting market share, beating up suppliers, locking up customers. There are the victors and the losers.

       But today in doing business, you have to listen to shareholders, work with suppliers, keep good relations-even with competitors. That doesn’t sound like war. Besides, there are few victors when business is looked upon as war.

       Most businesses succeed only if others also succeed. Business is competition and cooperation as well. In other words, business is war and peace.

       To bring together competition and cooperation, we turn to game theory. Game theory provides that whether one person wins or loses depends on what other people do. It is particularly effective when there are many interdependent factors and no decision can be made in isolation from other decisions.

       Game theory breaks down the game into key elements :players, added values, rules, tactics（计谋）, and scope (PARTS).Every element affects the result of the game. This means that each of the five elements gives you a way to change an existing game into an entirely new one. Change one of the PARTS, and you change the whole.

       Why change the game? An old Chinese saying explains: If you continue on the course you’re heading, that’s where you’ll end up. Sometimes that’s good, sometimes not. You can play the game very well, and still suffer great loss. That’s because you’re playing the wrong game: you need to change it. Even a good game can be made into a better one. Real success comes from actively shaping the game you play-from making the game you want, not taking the game you find.

46．The author of this passage is _______ the idea that “Business is war.”

       A．in favor of          B．against              C．considering       D．doubtful of

47．“PARTS” stands for _______.

       A．players, added values, rules, tactics and scope   

       B．all of the elements in the game theory

       C．the parties in a game                       

       D．the parts that affect the result of the game

48．The correct understanding of the underlined sentence in the last paragraph is _______.

       A．you are really good at playing the game, but you still lose it out

       B．you are so competitive that you beat up all of your competitors terribly

       C．you play the game too well to suffer great loss

       D．the competition is so hard that you have to put all your heart into it

49．The author thinks that _______.

       A．we shall play very hard          

       B．we shall continue in the course we are heading

       C．we shall play in the right direction 

       D．we shall always change no matter the change is good or not

50. Why does the writer mention game theory?

   A. To inform the readers of the key elements.

   B. To explain how competition and cooperation co-exist in business.

   C. To prove business is war.

   D. To introduce the Chinese old saying.