We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be    1   to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are   2   wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully(欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong.
Rules can help the public make the right    3  ,and remain safe. Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent   4  .
If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be    5  for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white” view. For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is   6   acceptable. Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may get into   7  .
Sometimes it may not be so easy to know   8  what is right or wrong. Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is    9   to eat animals, but others argue that they can eat meat and    10   be kind to animals; some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel to   11   when stealing some food to eat, if lives in a really poor area and he is   12  . Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to   13   other. However, some people argue that rules may be    14  , having observed that rules change all the time , and that some schools have some regulations and other have different ones ----so who is to   15  what is right ?

How often one hears children wishing they were grown up, and the old wishing they were young again! Each age has its pleasure and its pains, and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each agc gives him without wasting any time in uselcss regrets.
Children is a time when there are few duties to make life hard. If a child has good parents, he is fed, looked after, and loved whatever he may do. It’s impossible for him to be given so much again in his life without having to do anything in return. Besides, life is always giving new things to the child. A child finds pleasure in playing in the rain, or in the snow. His first visit to the seaside makes him wild. But a child has his pains; he is not so free to do as he wishes. He is continually being told not to do this, not to do that, or being punished for what he has done wrong. His life is therefore not perfectly happy.
When the young man starts to make his own living, he becomes free from the rules of school and parents; but at the time he is forced to accept duties. He can no longer expect others to pay for his food, his clothes and his room, but has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. And if he breaks the law of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may go to prison, lf, however, he works hard, keeps out of trouble, and has good health, he can have the great happiness of seeing himself make steady pro-gress in his job and of building up his own position in society.
Old age has always been thought of as the worst age to be, but it is not necessary for the old to be unhappy. With old age should come wisdom and tile ability to help others with advice wisely given. They can have the joy of seeing their Children making progress in life; they can watch their grandchildren growing up around them and, perhaps, best of all, they can, if their life has been a useful one, feel the happiness of having come through the battle of life safely and of having reached a time when they can lie back and rest, leaving others to continue the fight.
【小题1】The main reason children wish they were grown up, and the old wish they were young again is that ______.

As a child, I was truly afraid of the dark and of getting lost; these fears were very real and caused me some uncomfortable moments.
Maybe it was the strange   36 things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that  37 me so much. There was never total  38 , but a streetlight or passing car lights 39   clothes hung over a chair take on the   40  of a wild animal. Out of the corner of my 41  , I saw the curtains seem to move when there was no  42 . A tiny sound in the floor would seem a hundred times louder than in the daylight. My   43 would run wild, and my heart would beat fast. I would   44 very still so that the "enemy" would not discover me. zxxk
Another of my childhood fears was that I would get lost, 45  on the way home from school. Every morning I get on the school bus right near my home--that was no  46 . After school,   47  , when all the buses were  48  up along the street, I was afraid that I'd get on the wrong one, and be taken to some  49 neighborhood. On school or family trips to a park or museum, I wouldn't  50 the leaders out of my sight.
Perhaps one of the worst fears  51 all I had as a child was that of not being liked or   52 by others. Being popular was so important to me  53 , and the fear of not being liked was a 54  one.
One of the processes of growing up is being able to  55 and overcome our fears. Understanding the things that frightened us as children helps us achieve greater success later in life.

Competition is a common phenomenon in our social life. We compete when we play games and when we try to do better than others in our study. There is constant competition for academic degrees, jobs, customers, money and so forth. In a sense, __56__ is one of the motive forces to the development of society.
In the natural world, the weak will be replaced by the strong and the __57__ can live; therefore, the only way to survive is to be competitive. Growing in a competitive __58__ is important for a child because future adult life is difficult. Today, most people try to get good education through  __59__ ways. The quality of people is rapidly increasing. Competition of finding a job is more violent than it used to be. The potentially successful job applicant has to be prepared in a stronger  __60__ by gaining more __61__ and experience. In the sports contests, the strongest will come out as winners. In the business world, to __62__ your competitors, you must be better than the other employees. In fact, the only way our world __63__ people is to give laurels to the winners, not to the losers. What is more, by attempting to compete at different activities, we learn to win and lose, gain experience and know our strengths and __64__.
To go ahead, to acquire possessions, we should be competitive. To us, industriousness and ambition are positive values. Whether in games, in study or in business, the aim is to win the game, the degree, the trophy, and the contract. Learning to be __65__ is clearly the best preparation for the tough life.
【小题1】

A．fittest

B．top

C． biggest

D．best

Sons who have fond childhood memories of their fathers are more likely to be emotionally stable（稳定的） in the face of day-to-day stresses, according to psychologists（心理学家） who studied hundreds of adults of all ages.
“As our study shows, fathers do play a unique（独特的） and important role in the mental health of their children much later in life,” Psychology professor Melanie Mallers of California State University said.
For this study, 912 adult men and women between the ages of 25 and 74 completed short daily telephone interviews about that day’s experiences over an eight-day period. The interviews focused on the participants’ psychological and emotional distress (i.e., whether they were nervous, sad, etc.) and if they had experienced any stressful events that day.
The participants were also required to answer questions such as, “How would you rate your relationship with your mother during the years when you were growing up?” and “How much time and attention did your mother give you when you needed it?” The same questions were asked about fathers.
People who reported they had a good mother-child relationship reported three percent less psychological distress（忧虑） compared to those who reported a poor relationship, according to Mallers.
Men who reported having a good relationship with their father during childhood were more likely to be less emotional when reacting to stressful events in their current daily lives than those who had a poor relationship, according to her findings.
Also, the quality of mother and father relationships was significantly associated（有关） with how many stressful events the participants faced on a daily basis. In other words, if they had a poor childhood relationship with both parents, they reported more stressful incidents over the eight-day study when compared to those who had a good relationship with their parents.
Mallers theorized why healthy or unhealthy relationships may have an effect on how people handle stress as adults. “Perhaps having caring parents equips children with the experiences and skills necessary to more successfully navigate（导航） their relationships with other people throughout childhood and into adulthood.” She said.
【小题1】What can we know about the recent study from the passage?
A It was led by Melanie Mallers.
B 912 adults who were over twenty-five joined in it.
C It lasted as long as eight days.
D It was funded just by California State University.
【小题2】Which of the following may the participants be asked about in telephone interviews?
A Their physical condition.      B Their parenting（育儿） skills.
C Their emotional distress and stressful events.
D Their childhood relationships with teachers.
【小题3】Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A Many people with good parent-child relationships still can’t keep emotionally stable in stressful incidents.
B Men with a good mother-child relationship were more likely to be emotionally stable when reacting to stressful events.
C Women were better at getting along with their parents than men when they were young.
D People with good childhood relationships with parents suffered（遭受） fewer stressful incidents.
【小题4】What can be concluded from the findings of the study?
A Childhood memories of parents have a lasting effect on one’s ability to handle stress.
B Adults with good childhood relationships with parents will live happily and successfully.
C The mother-child relationship is more important than the father-child relationship.
D The quality of parent-child relationships determines（决定） how people handle stress as adults.