There seems never to have been a civilization(文明) without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.

In the ancient world, as is today, most boys play with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are strictly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.

What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. It is the universality of toys about their development in all parts of the world and their continuing to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.

Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to (服从于) technological progress that characterizes inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of advancement. The progress from a rattle (拨浪鼓) used by a baby in 3,000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of materials then ready for use. (words: 285 ; time : 5ms)

1. The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is that ________ .

A. their social roles are strictly determined

B. most boys would like to follow their fathers' jobs

C. boys like to play with their fathers while girls with their mothers

D. they like challenging activities.

2. "The universality of toys" lies in the fact that ________ .

A. technological advances have greatly improved the making of toys

B. the improvement of techniques in making toys depends on the efforts of universities

C. the exploration of the universe has led to the creation of new kinds of toys

D. the basic characteristics of toys are the same all over the world

3. Regarded as a kind of art form, toys ________.

A. follow a direct line of development

B. also greatly interest adults

C. are not characterized by progress in technology

D. show the pace of social progress

（C）篇

1. A。由原文第二段第二句可知。

2. D。根据文章第三段第一句和第三句可知,玩具的基本的特征变化不大。

3. C。由文章最后一段第一句可知,玩具作为一种艺术形式,不因科技变化而变化。

 

 

People use their mouths for many things. They eat, talk, shout and sing. They smile and they kiss. In the English language, there are many expressions using the word“mouth.”

For example, if you say bad things about a person, the person might protest（抗议）and say “Do not bad mouth me.” Sometimes, people say something to a friend or family member that they later regret because it hurts that person. Or they tell the person something they were not supposed to tell. The speaker might say: “I really put my foot in my mouth this time.”  If this should happen, the speaker might feel down in the mouth.  In other words, he might feel sad for saying the wrong thing.

Another situation is when someone falsely claims another person said something.  The other person might protest: “I did not say that.  Do not put words in my mouth.”

Some people have lots of money because they were born into a very rich family.  There is an expression for this, too. You might say such a person, “was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.” This rich person is the opposite of a person who lives from hand to mouth.  This person is very poor and only has enough money for the most important things in life, like food.

Parents might sometimes keep a child off sweet food as a form of punishment for saying bad things. For example, if a child says things she should not say to her parents, she might be described as a mouthy child. The parents might even tell the child to stop mouthing off.. 

But enough of all this talk. I have been running my mouth long enough.

61. When will a person probably say“do not bad mouth me”？

A. When he feels down.               B. When he is regretful.

C. When he is spoken ill of.          D. When he gets angry.

【答案】C

【解析】根据第二段第一句if you say bad things about a person, the person might protest（抗议）and say “Do not bad mouth me.”“如果你说一个人的坏话，这个人可能会抗议说不要说我坏话。”

62.What will the person say if he feels sorry for what he has said?

A. Do not bad mouth me.

B. Stop mouthing off.

C. Do not put words in my mouth.

D. I really put my foot in my mouth this time.

【答案】D

【解析】根据第二段Sometimes, people say something to a friend or family member that they later regret because it hurts that person. Or they tell the person something they were not supposed to tell. The speaker might say: “I really put my foot in my mouth this time.”有时人们对家人和朋友说了一些他们后来会后悔的话因为这些话上海了那个人。。。。说话的人就会说“这次我真的说错话了。”

63.If a person lives from hand to mouth, it implies that__________.

A. he is badly-off                 B. he is hard-working

C. he has lots of money        D. he has enough to eat

【答案】A

【解析】根据第四段This rich person is the opposite of a person who lives from hand to mouth.与富人相对的是穷人。

64.By saying“I have been running my mouth long enough”,the speaker means“________”.

A. I have run a long way              B. I have talked too much

C. I have learned a lot           D. I have been a mouthy person

【答案】B

【解析】

65.What is mainly talked about in the text?

A. Expressions about the word“mouth”.         B. Functions of the organ“mouth”.

C. Opinions about“mouthy people”.                D. Meanings of the word“mouth”.

【答案】A

【解析】第一段最后一句是主题句. In the English language, there are many expressions using the word“mouth.”

LONDON —A British judge on Thursday sentenced a businessman who sold fake (假冒的）bomb detectors (探测器) to 10 years in prison, saying the man hadn’t cared about potentially deadly consequences.

It is believed that James McCormick got about $77. 8 million from the sales of his detectors — which were based on a kind of golf ball finder — to countries including Iraq, Belgium and Saudi Arabia.

McCormick, 57，was convicted (判罪) of cheats last month and sentenced Thursday at the Old Bailey court in London.

“Your cheating conduct in selling a great amount of useless equipment simply for huge profit promoted a false sense of security and in all probability materially contributed to causing death and injury to innocent people,’’ Judge Richard Hone told McCormick. “You have neither regret, nor shame, nor any sense of guilt.”

The detectors, sold for up to $ 42,000 each, were said to be able to find such dangerous objects as bombs under water and from the air. But in fact they “lacked any grounding in science” and were of no use.

McCormick had told the court that he sold his detectors to the police in Kenya，the prison service in Hong Kong, the army in Egypt and the border control in Thailand.

“I never had any bad results from customers,” he said.

39. Why was McCormick sentenced to prison?

A. He sold bombs.                              B. He caused death of people.

C. He made detectors.                              D. He cheated in business.

40. According to the judge, what McCormick had done ________ .

A. increased the cost of safeguarding

B. lowered people’s guard against danger

C. changed people’s idea of social security

D. caused innocent people to commit crimes

41. Which of the following is true of the detectors?

A. They have not been sold to Africa.

B. They have caused many serious problems.

C. They can find dangerous objects in water.

D. They don't function on the basis of science.

42. It can be inferred from the passage that McCormick _________ .

A. sold the equipment at a low price

B. was well-known in most countries

C. did not think he had committed the crime

D. had not got such huge profit as mentioned in the text

【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，题材是新闻报道。本文报道了一条卖假冒炸弹探测器的商人被判10年徒刑的新闻。

段落	关键词、句	大意推测
第一部分（Para. 1-3）	McCormick, 57，was convicted of cheats last month and sentenced Thursday at the Old Bailey court in London	新闻案件的简介：57岁的McCormick上月被起诉诈骗并于周三在伦敦的Old Bailey court法庭被判刑。
第二部分（Para. 4）	cheating conduct, promoted a false sense of security, contributed to causing death and injury to innocent people	法官宣判：罪犯的欺骗行为增强了人们虚假的安全感并促使导致给无辜百姓带来死亡和伤害。
第三部分（Para. 5-7）	But in fact they “lacked any grounding in science” and were of no use, sold…to… , never had any bad results	案件细节及当事人的反诉：假冒炸弹探测器被销往世界各地，但它根本没有科学依据，也毫无用处。罪犯狡辩假冒产品没有给用户带来任何不良后果。

【解析】

39. D。细节理解题。难度：中等。问题是“为什么McCormick被判刑入狱”。根据问题中的关键词sentenced to prison定位原文第一段。第一段说到McCormick是一位商人，生产了假冒的炸弹探测器，这是一种商业欺骗。选项D和其对应，为正确答案。

40. B。细节理解题。难度：难。问题是“根据法官的说法，McCormick的所为导致了什么样的结果”。根据问题中的关键词according to the judge定位第四段的第一句：your cheating conduct … promoted a false sense of security and … contributed to causing death and injury to innocent people（你的欺骗行为提高了人们虚假的安全感并助推给无辜百姓带来死亡和伤害）。由此可见，McCormick的行为让人们有了安全感，但这种安全并不真实。B “降低了人们防范危险的安全意识”符合此意，为正确答案。

41. D。判断题。难度：难。问题是“下面哪种说法对探测仪来说是正确的”。

解题思路：根据问题中的关键词detectors，把四个选项具体对应到原文中一处。A对应文章倒数第二段的最后一句he sold his detectors to the police in Kenya，the prison service in Hong Kong, the army in Egypt and the border control in Thailand。该句中的Kenya是非洲的肯尼亚，否定了A的说法。B对应第一段第一句“the man hadn’t cared about potentially deadly consequences”，法官只说罪犯没有关注潜在的致命后果，而不是已经导致严重的问题。C对应第五段的第一句话“were said to be able to find such dangerous objects as bombs under water and from the air”提示，探测仪的功能只是据说，而不一定真的具备找到水中危险物品的功能。选项D定位第五段的最后一句“in fact they ‘lacked any grounding in science’ and were of no use可知，这种探测仪没有科学根据，也毫无用途，和D“没有科学根据的工作原理”相吻合，故最佳答案是D。

42. D。推理判断题。难度：中等。

解题思路：返回原文，将选项与原文一一进行比较。

本题主要考查第四段和第七段。A“以低价销售设备”与原文第四段第一句不符，因为该句提到法官指控McCormick通过卖一些无用的设备来巨额利润。B“在大多数国家很有名”与文中提到的区区几个国家和地区Iraq，Belgium，Saudi Arabia，Kenya，Hong Kong，Egypt和Thailand购买他的探测仪不符。C“认为他没有犯罪”和第七段对应，其中他所说的“I never had any bad results from customers”和C符合，Ｃ是正确答案。Ｄ“他没有赚取文中提到的那么大利润”在原文没有语言根据。

阅读下面的文字，完成下列各题。

梵  高

张  炜

我们终于谈到梵高了，神圣的梵高。在当代，他已经是不同艺术领域中的崇拜人物。他的作品在商人那儿已经化为金子，或者是远比金子还要昂贵十倍的珍奇。但是像他那样的心灵不仅用金钱无法沟通，就是用一般的艺术和精神也无法接近。他会在任何时候任何地点，拒绝那些流行的艺术热望者、大知音和中产阶级的高雅情调。因为他只是最平凡的人群中的一个灵魂，一个底层的感受者和传达者，一个不屈服者和抗争者，一个实践善良和使用决心的人。他是贫民的儿子，是他们痛苦而尖锐的眼睛。在这样的一双眼睛面前，我们往往只有在无可奈何的沉默中压住自己心底的惊叹才行。他的境界是高不可攀的，因为那是底层艺术家所守护的最后一道防线，也是权利。这其实也是人的防线与权利。梵高可以让我们明白，当一个人面对无情的外部世界时，顽强的精神会怎样迸溅出火花，直至燃烧为熊熊烈焰。

我走在慕尼黑、曼哈顿、巴黎等最著名的艺术博物馆里，在星光灿烂之中，在无法穷尽的艺术、不同时代不同流派的大荟萃面前，常常有一种无可逃匿的眩晕感。在跨越时空而来的多角度多层次、频繁急促和陡然有力的各种撞击之下，那根本来敏感的神经已经麻木疲萎。可是，几乎是无一例外，只要一走近梵高，一走近他的展出单元，立刻就会感到一片辉煌之光扑面而来。就这样，最昂扬的音乐陡然奏响。世界马上改变了，双眼睁大了，一切又重新开始了。

这是怎样神秘的力量，这力量又从何而来？

当然，一切只能源于他的这个生命。他的生命仍然在持续不断地发散----首先是从源头，从他执笔之时，从那一刻的怦怦心跳开始震动我们，使我们至今不能安宁。他眼中的一切原来与我们有巨大区别，就是这区别让我们双眼大睁、心上一凛。这区别当然是来自他的目光，它有强大的剥落和穿凿的力量：世界上的所有事物都被我们的眼睛蒙上了一层庸常的布幔，但这布幔在梵高那儿马上被刺破，或被抽揭一空。世界裸露了，本真显现了，所以他让我们看到的就是强烈的光，是逼人的颜色，是疾旋与燃烧，是轰响和炸裂，是呼叫和奔突......我们每个人本来都拥有这种直视的能力，不幸的是后来的生活给予我们每个人无尽的磨损，我们丧失了这种能力，而只有神奇的梵高保留了。

梵高做过教师、画店营业员、传教士、书店店员、画家。这些职业是那么不同，可是在梵高那儿并没有人们想像的那么大的差异。因为他以同样的心情去做，同样用力，同样真实。他赋予任何工作的，都仅仅是一份生命的虔诚。也正是由于这种对于工作的非同常人的理解，他差不多把每一样工作都给做“砸了”。最后是作画----他现在被公认为最伟大的画家之一，可是当时却被看成是最不成功的画家，几乎没有卖出过一幅作品。他没有一般专业人士看好的技法，简直没有受到什么正规的、更不要说是深入独到的专业训练了。他的画被看成可笑的涂抹，形式上一塌糊涂。那些直接而强悍的笔触、生猛可怖的画面，能够毫不费力地逼退那些艺术沙龙的宠儿。其实比起梵高而言，许多人等于生活在温室中，他们没有经历真实的风雨阳光，当然也没有接受过催逼，没有倾听过号叫，没有接受过起码的人生打击。他们怎么具有理解梵高的能力呢？

真实的生活，底层的生活，有时候、许多时候都是刺目的。但是在漫长的人生旅途中，生活的真实面目还是要显现----最后总是要显现。这是一个顽强的规律。每到这个时刻，人们也就开始理解了梵高，只不过稍微晚了些。

梵高的艺术，像许多真正的艺术一样，是直到最后才被接受下来的。

他保留下了大量书信。人们阅读这些书信时，才知道他是多么热情、对生活多么挚爱的人。人们读得泪眼汪汪。其实他的画作已经再好不过地表达了这种热烈。他的巨大的慈爱并不需要直接说出，他的柔情也并不需要，因为他全部都画出来了。他正是为这种爱，而不是为这种艺术，交出了自己全部的生命。

——《远逝的风景》

文章指出梵高的“心灵不仅用金钱无法沟通，就是用一般的艺术和精神也无法接近”，为什么？尽量用文中的语言作答，不超过14个字。

文章第三自然段：“这是怎样神秘的力量”中“这”所指代的具体内容是什么？

画线的句子问：“这力量又从何而来？”文中除从总的方面回答：“源于他的这个生命”以外，还说了两个具体的答案，请用自己的话予以归纳。

下列对文章的理解有误的两项是：（     ）

    A．梵高的作品现在已经成为商人们以高价竞相购买的收藏品，而且成了商人们心中的无价之宝。

    B．梵高让我们明白了顽强的精神可以使人在面对无情的外部世界时迸溅出火花，以至成为熊熊燃烧的烈焰

    C．由于在慕尼黑等地的最著名的艺术博物馆里，艺术家众多，不同时代的艺术流派纷至沓来，使人常常有一种无可逃匿的眩晕感，故尔使作者对他们的作品产生了反感。

    D．梵高现在已被公认为最伟大的画家之一，但在梵高的一生中做过教师、画店营业员、传教士、书店店员、画家，均未达到成功的目的，虽然他如同做画那样以同样的心情去做，同样用力，同样真实。

    E．梵高的画以逼人的颜色，强烈的光，强悍的笔触，生猛可怖的画面，裸露、显现了世界的真实面目，逼退了当时艺术沙龙中的宠儿，因而遭到当时人们的否定。

　　第一节

　　听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A，B，C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。

1．What sport does Jacob like best?

[　　]

2．What is the probable relationship between the speakers?

[　　]

A．Boss and secretary.

B．Assistant and customer.

C．Father and daughter.

3．What does the man invite Janet to do?

[　　]

A．To help him with his paper.

B．To visit him tomorrow.

C．To go to a concert with him.

4．What are they going to do this weekend?

[　　]

5．What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?

[　　]

　　第二节

　　听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A，B，C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读一遍。

　　听第6段材料，回答6～8题。

6．What are the two speakers talking about?

[　　]

A．A computer lesson.

B．A summer holiday plan.

C．A part-time job.

7．How did the man get the information?

[　　]

A．He received an e-mail.

B．He received a letter.

C．He asked the computer centre.

8．What does the woman think of herself?

[　　]

A．She has little interest in the Internet(因特网).

B．She doesn't have much interest.

C．She knows little about computers.

　　听第7段材料，回答9～11题。

9．What's the main topic of this conversation?

[　　]

A．Starting a private business.

B．Having lunch together.

C．Meeting Robert.

10．What can we learn about the woman from the dialogue?

[　　]

A．She has been to Alaska.

B．She's happy to go to a party with the man.

C．She used to be Robert's student.

11．Why did Robert come back?

[　　]

A．He lost his job in Alaska.

B．Alaska was too cold for him.

C．He retired (退休) from the job.

　　听第8段材料，回答12～14题。

12．Why is the boy a bit nervous?

[　　]

A．He's afraid of getting up early.

B．He's a newcomer to the school.

C．He hasn't prepared for the exams.

13．What must the students do before morning reading?

[　　]

A．Hand in the homework.

B．Buy something to eat.

C．Do morning exercises.

14．What can they do if they feel hungry?

[　　]

A．Ask the teacher for help.

B．Have something to eat in class.

C．Buy something to eat during the break.

　　听第9段材料，回答15～17题。

15．What is said to be the reason for the man's looking for the job?

[　　]

A．He likes the job.

B．He has finished his school education.

C．He has to support his family.

16．How will the man be trained in the factory if he's given the job?

[　　]

A．He'll take classes at a technical school after work.

B．He'll go to a technical school to work for two months.

C．He'll take tests given by the factory.

17．How much wilt the man get each month in the third year?

[　　]

A．$800.

B．$900

C．$700.

　　听第10段材料，回答18～20题。

18．What kind of a person is Mr. Neff?

[　　]

A．He's an honest man.

B．He plans everything well.

C．He's a very wise man.

19．Which of the following is true about Mr Neff?

[　　]

A．He's always right.

B．He hardly knows anything.

C．Sometimes he may do foolish things.

20．Who is to blame if Mr. Neff misses buses according to the passage?

[　　]

A．His wife is to blame.

B．It's the fault of the buses.

C．He himself is to blame.