第一节，短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）

以下标有题号的每一行均有一个错误，请找出，并按下列情况改正：此行多一个词；把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。此行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（Λ），在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。此行错一词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。

　注意：请在答题卡上作答。

  Bob told me that before he was a teacher, all what he             76．_______

would like doing was to be a lawyer．                                    77．_______

He had worked very hard at his lessons and try to                     78 ．_______

enter into a famous university, but something unfortunate          79．_______

happened in his family, which made necessary for him              80．_______

to work for a life．As a young man, he had been a                   81．_______

bus driver, a dustman and a salesman, and he spent his              82．_______

spare times studying and finally became a college teacher．       83．_______

“Young people,” he often said, “ are fill of                               84．_______

wishes and hopes before they step into the society．”                85．_______

Watercolor is the oldest paints known. It dates back to the early cave men who discovered they could add lifelike qualities to drawings of animals and other figures on the walls of caves by mixing the natural colors found in the earth with water.

Fresco(壁画), one of the greatest of all art forms, is done with watercolor. It is created by mixing paints and water and applying these to wet plaster(灰泥). Of the thousands of people who stand under Michelangelo's heroic ceiling in the Sistine Chapel, very few know that they are looking at perhaps the greatest watercolor painting in the world.

The invention of oil painting by the Flemish masters in the fifteenth century made fresco painting go down-hill, and for the next several centuries watercolor was used mainly for doing sketches(素描) or as a tool for study. It was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that English painters put back watercolor as a serious art form. The English have a widely-known love for the outdoors and also small, private pictures. The softness of watercolor had a remarkably strong attraction for them.

The popularity of watercolor continued to grow until in the twentieth century. The United States passed England as the center for watercolor, producing such well-known watercolor artists as Thomas Eakins and Andrew Wyeth.

What is the passage mainly about?

A.The gradual weakness of fresco painting.

B.Oils having more power or influence over watercolor.

C.The rediscovery of watercolor in England.

D.The start and development of watercolor.

The first watercolor artists were ______.

A.early cave men                                      B.Italian fresco artists

C.Flemish masters                                     D.English artists of the 18th century

In 16th and 17th centuries the artists thought ______.

A.watercolor was more costly, but was better

B.oil painting lasted less long, but clearer and brighter

C.watercolor was not suitable for finished works

D.oil painting was difficult to use

According to the passage, watercolor painting was put back in England because ______.

A.it was easy to use outdoors                      B.it was a strong medium

B.it was extremely bright in color               D.it was well suited to popular tastes

What would the next paragraph most probably deal with?

A.The works of famous American watercolor artists.

B.The weakness of oils as popular paints.

C.Techniques of producing watercolor.

D.Modern American oil painters.

Have you ever been afraid to talk back when you were treated unfairly? Have you ever bought something just because the salesman talked you into it? Are you afraid to ask a boy (girl) for a date？

Many people are afraid to assert themselves (insist upon their own rights). Dr Robert Alberti, author of Stand Up, Speak Out, and Talk Back, thinks it’s because their self-esteem(自尊) is low. “Our whole set-up makes people doubt themselves,” says Alberti. “There’s always a 'superior' around — a parent, a teacher, a boss — who 'knows better’”.

But Alberti and other scientists are doing something to help people to assert themselves. They offer “assertiveness training” courses (AT). In the AT courses people learn that they have a right to be themselves. They learn to speak out and feel good about doing so. They learn to be aggressive(敢闯, 闯劲儿) without hurting other people.

In one way, learning to speak out is to overcome fear. A group taking an AT course will help the timid person to lose his fear. But AT uses an even stronger motive—the need to share. The timid person speaks out in the group because he wants to tell how he feels. AT says you can get to feel good about yourself. And once you do, you can learn to speak out.

1. In the passage, the writer talks about the problem that _______.

A. some people are too easy-going

B. some people are too timid

C. there are too many superiors around us

D. some people dare not stick up for their own rights

2. The effect of our set-up on people is often to _______.

A. make them distrust their own judgment

B. make things more favorable for them

C. keep them from speaking out as much as their superiors do

D. help them to learn to speak up for their rights

3. One thing AT doesn’t do is to _______.

A. use the need of people to share

B. show people they have the right to be themselves

C. help people to be aggressive at anytime even when others suffer

D. help people overcome fear

Neither of them knew what __________ was doing.

A. other        B. others      C. the other     D. another

Dropouts for Ph. D. s

Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.

The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.

Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated 'because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’

"The results of our research" Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."

1.    Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.

2.    Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialties.

3.    Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.

Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.

As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. 's with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. 's shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. 's tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.

As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.

The author states that many educators feel that            

[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.

[B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.

[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.

[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.

  Research has shown that          

[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. 's in financial attainment.

[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.

[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.

[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.

  Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.

[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.

[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.

[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.

[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.

  After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that          

[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.

[B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.

[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.

[D] Ph. D. 's are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.

  It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in            

[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.

[B] academic requirement too high.

[C] salary for dropouts too high.

[D] 1000 positions.