4、虚拟条件句中省略if时要倒装。 　一、否定词放置句首时，助动词或be动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装。常用的否定词有：not，scarcely，barely，seldom，not until，little，(in)under no circumstance，by no means，no sooner…than等。 　1、Not until I reminded him for the third time _____ working and looked up。 　A. that he stopped 　B. does he stopped 　C. did he stop 　D. that he stopped 　(答案：C)(2000年53题) 　2、_____ the importance of wearing seat belts while driving. 　A. Little they realize 　B. They little do realize 　C. Little realize do they 　D. Little do they realize 　(答案：D)(1996年31题) 　二、only+ adv. 句子要倒装。 　1、Only under such a condition will he make steady progress. 　只有在这样的条件下，他才会取得扎实的进步。 　2、Only this morning did I hear the sad news. 　我今天早晨才听到这不幸的消息。 　三、nor, neither, so 用于句首时, 句子要倒装。 　1、So little _____about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me. 　A. did I know 　B. I had known 　C. I knew 　D. was I know 　(答案：A)(1998年30题) 　2、I didn’t finish reading that French book, neither _____. 　A. did he 　B. didn’t he 　C. he did 　D. he could 　(答案：A) 　四、虚拟条件句中省略if时要倒装。 　1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions. 　A. If I realized 　B. Had I realized 　C. Did I have realized that 　D. As I realized 　(答案：B)(1996年39题) 　2、_____, I should ask them some questions. 　A. Should they come to us 　B. If they come to us 　C. Were they come to us 　D. Had they come to us 　(答案：A)(1997年30题) 第九节 强调结构

考试重点：强调句型的基本形式It is(was)+被强调部分+that(who)…；强调句型用来强调状语。 　一、强调句型的基本形式It is(was)+被强调部分+that(who)…。

(答案：B。应改为“that”)(1998年68题)

(答案：B。应改为who) 　二、强调句型用来强调状语。 　1、It was in that small room_____ they worked hard and dreamed of better days to come. 　A. where 　B. in which 　C. which 　d. that 　(答案：D。强调地点状语)(1997年58题) 　2、It is because she is very devoted to her students _______she is respected by them. 　A. that 　B. which 　C. what 　D. who 　(答案：A。强调原因状语)(2001年33题) 　3、It was not until she arrived in class _________realized she had forgotten her book. 　A. and she 　B. when 　C. she 　D. that she 　(答案：D) ??常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子，结构为It is(was)+ 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语，宾语和状语。例如：

　 It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。

　 It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 知道读了你的信，我才知道实际情形。

典型例题

1)It was last night ___ I see the comet.

A.　the time　B.　when　 C.　that　D.　which

　 答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who))+ 主谓句。　强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。再如：原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.

A. that　B. when　 C. since　 D. as

　 答案C. 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。

3、nor，neither，so用于句首时，句子要倒装。

用这些词表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。例如：　　

　Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。

　If you won't go, neither will I.你不去，我也不去。

典型例题

　 ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?

　 ---I don't know, _____.

　 A. nor don't I care　B. nor do I care　C. I don't care neither　D. I don't care also

答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定，C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。

　 注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如：

　 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。

　 ---It's raining hard.---So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。

考试重点：形式上复数、意义单数的名词做主语；动名词、不定式，从句做主语；a number+of+复数名词和the number+of+可数或不可数名词做主语；主语由as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致；当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。 　一、名词physics (物理)，maths(数学)，news(新闻)，means(方法)，works(工厂)等一般被认为是形式是复数，意思是单数的名词，它们做主语的时候动词一般用单数形式。

(答案：C。应改为is。)(2000年63题) 　2、Every means has been tried. 每一种方式都试过了。 　二、动名词、不定式、从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。 　When and where the new hospital will be built _____ a mystery. 　A. to remain 　B. remains 　C. remain 　D. is remaining 　(答案：B)(2000年57题) 　三、当主语是a number+of+复数名词时，谓语动词用复数；当主语是the number+of+可数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数

(答案：A。应改为the。1998年66题) 　2、A number of cars _____ in front of my house. 　A. was parked 　B. were parking 　C. is parking 　D. are parked 　(答案：D) 　四、当主语由as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致。当句中的主语后接as well as，along with，together with，including，accompanied by等短语+名词(代词)时，主语与谓语的一致关系不受影响，主语是单数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式时，谓语动词用复数。 　1、John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party. 　约翰和二十个朋友正在计划举行一个集会。 　2、No one but Jane and Tom was there then. 　那时除了珍尼和汤姆之外，没有别人在那儿。 　五、当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。当主语是each…and…，every…and every…，many a…and…结构时，谓语动词用单数。 　1、Many a singer and dancer is to attend our evening party. 　许多歌唱家和舞蹈家将参加我们的晚会。 　2、In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. 　在我们国家每个人都有接受教育的权利。 ??

第八节 倒装句

?考试重点： 　1、否定词放置句首时，助动词或be动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装。常用的否定词有：not，scarcely，barely，seldom，not until，little，(in)under no circumstance，by no means，no sooner…than等。

句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如：

　 Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。

　 Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。

　 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。

　　 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：

　 I have never seen such a performance.

　 The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

典型例题　

1)　Why can't I smoke here?

　　　 At no time___ in the meeting-room

A. is smoking permitted　B.　smoking is permitted

C. smoking is it permitted　D.　does smoking permit

答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

　　　 A. man did know　 B. man know　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know

　　　 答案D.　 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。

　　　 改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了

以否定词开头作部分倒装

如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等，要倒装。例如：

　 Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。

　 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。

　 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。

典型例题

No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.

A. the game began　　　 B.　has the game begun

C. did the game begin　　 D.　had the game begun

答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when　等等。

注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music。

2、only+adv.句子要倒装。

Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有这样，你才能学好英语。

　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才来参加会议。

　 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如：

　 Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。

as, though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。例如：

　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 虽然是个小孩，该做什么不做什么，他全知道。

as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。但需注意：

　1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

　2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：

　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。

注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。

定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

关系代词引导的定语从句

　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1)who, whom, that

　 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：

　 Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语)

　 He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

2) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换)。例如：

　 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

　 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：

　A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

　农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)

　The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)

关系副词引导的定语从句

　 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如：

　 There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

　 Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.　北京是我的出生地。

　 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

2)that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：

　 His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

　 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

判断关系代词与关系副词

　 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：

　 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。

　 I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。

　 判断改错：

　 (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

　 (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

　 (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

　 (对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

　 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

　　 A. where　B. that　 C. on which　 D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

　　 A. where　B. that　 C. on which　D. the one

答案：例1 D，例2 A

例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

　在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。

　而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。

　关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。

限制性和非限制性定语从句

1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：

　　This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

　　The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：

　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：

　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

as, which 非限定性定语从句

　由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：

　As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。

　The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。

典型例题　

1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

A. it　 B. that　 C. which　D. he

　　 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it

　　 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..

A. that　B. which　C. as　 D. it

　　 答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：

(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。

as 的用法

例1. the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。例如：

　　　 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。

例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。例如：

　　 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。

　　 As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.

　　　 As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

关系代词that 的用法

1)不用that的情况

　 a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：

　　 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

　 b) 介词后不能用。例如：

　　 We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。

　　 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

　 a)　在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

　 b)　在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

　 c)　先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　

　 d)　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.

　 e)　先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：

　　 All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

　 　　 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

　考试重点：限定性定语从句中关系代词的用法；关系副词 when，where，why，引导的定语从句；带介词的定语从句；非限定性定语从句；“名词(代词)+介词+关系代词”引出，一般是非限定性定语从句。 　在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句分为两种：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。注意关系代词和关系副词在从句中的应用。 　(一)关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that引导的定语从句 　1、The company official _____ I thought would be fired received a raise. 　A. whom 　B. whoever 　C. who 　D. of whom 　(答案：A。关系代词whom在定语从句中做宾语，修饰先行词official)(1998年40题) 　2、The investigation , _____ will soon be published, was made by John. 　A. at which the results 　B. the results on which 　C. whose results 　D. at whose results 　(答案：C。关系代词whose 在定语从句中做定语。)(1998年58题) 　(二)关系副词 when ,where, why, 引导的定语从句 　1、The time will come _____ man can fly to outer space freely. 　A. that 　B. when 　C. in that 　D. which 　(答案：B。when在定语从句中做状语。) (1996年35题) 　2、I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village. 　A. when 　B. during which 　C. which 　D. in which 　(答案：A)(2001年54题) 　(三)关系代词前带介词的定语从句 　1、Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, _____ she belonged. 　A. which 　B. to where 　C. to which 　D. at which 　(答案：C。关系代词which和whom 还可以做“动词词组”后面的前置宾语。这里的动词词组是belong to。)(1998年56题) 　2、The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water. 　A. them 　B. that 　C. which 　D. those 　(答案：C)(2003年23题) ??

四)非限定定语从句对被修饰的名词起附加说明，或进一步描述或补充。 　这种从句有一定的独立性，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整，只是内容相对地不够具体。与主句之间常用逗号分开，所用的关系代词与限定性定语从句基本相同，但不能用关系代词that 引导。 　(1)An Old friend from abroad, _____I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport. 　A. that 　B. whom 　C. who 　D. which 　(答案：B)(2000年31题) 　(2)His brother had become a teacher, _____he wanted to be. 　A. who 　B. what 　C. which 　D. that 　(答案：C。which引导的非限定性定语从句，在从句中做宾语，修饰先行词a teacher)(1997年39题) 　(3)He has made another wonderful discovery, _____of great importance to science. 　A. which I think it is 　B. of which I think it is 　C. I think which is 　D. which I think is 　(答案：D。which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。)(1995年50题) 　(五)“名词(代词)+介词+关系代词”引出，一般是非限定性定语从句。 　We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, _____is completely water proof. 　A. no of which 　B. none of which 　C. some of which 　D. neither of which 　(答案：B。“名词(代词)+of+which(whom)”引起的定语从句常表示部分与整体的关系。)(1995年36题)

状语从句??

考试重点：状语从句的种类及一些连词的基本用法；让步状语从句；unless，supposed (that)，whomever，whenever，wherever等连词的含义和用法。 　在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。 　一、时间状语从句 　常用的连词有：when，whenever(无论什么时候)，since，as，until，hardly…when，no sooner…than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the minute(一…就…) 　1、No sooner had they got the goods covered up _____ it started raining hard. 　A. when 　B. than 　C. then 　D. after 　(答案：B。no sooner…than 引导的时间状语从句。)(2002年57题) 　2、She has wanted to become a nurse _____ since she was a young girl. 　A. long 　B. often 　C. always 　D. ever 　(答案：D。时间状语从句，ever since表示从…以后一直。)(1997年56题)

注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。例如：

　 Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

　 No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

with的复合结构作独立主格

　表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：

　　　 He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised.他举手着站在那儿。

　 典型例题

　The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A. being tied　 B. having tied　C. to be tied　D. tied　

　答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　

need/want/require/worth

　当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如：

　　 Your hair wants cutting.　你的头发该理了。

　　 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。

　典型例题

　The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.　

A. cleaning　 B. be cleaned　 C. clean　 D. being cleaned

　答案A. need (实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案

第六节 各种从句

?英语中从句包括：名词从句、定语从句、同位语从句和状语从句。 　一、名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。 　(一)主语从句 　考试重点：主语从句常用的连词的用法；it is desirable that引导的主语从句的用法。 　在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。 　连词：that，whether 　连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever等。 　连接副词：when，where，how，why 　1、由连词that，whether引导的主语从句。 　连词that，whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不担任成分，不能省略，且由它们引导的主语从句，多用it做形式主语。 　(1)_____ was unimportant. 　A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not 　B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinner 　C. If he enjoyed our dinner 　D. What he enjoyed our dinner 　(答案：A)(2000年40题) 　(2)That the earth is round is true.(It is true that the earth is round.) 　 地球是圆的， 是个事实。 　2、由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句 　它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语it引导。 　(1)Who let out the news remained unknown.(It remained unknown who let out the news.) 　谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。 　(2)When we’ll start is not clear.(It is not clear when we’ll start.) 　我们何时出发还不清楚。 3、以关系代词what, whatever, whoever…引导的主语从句。 　What有时可以用来表示the thing which这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西或一件事情。Who，whom，which，what，可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成份，不能省略，语序为陈述句的语序。 　(1)_____ I saw was two men crossing the street. 　A. What 　B. Whom 　C. Who 　D. That 　(答案：A)(2001年38题) 　(2)_____ was not the way the event happened. 　A. Which the press reported 　B. That the press reported 　C. what did the press report 　D. What the press reported 　(答案：D。主语从句，what在从句中做宾语。)(1998年24题) 　4、句型It is desirable (suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent)+that+主语+should(可省略)+V(动词原形)。 　(1)It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made. 　A. will be arranged 　B. must be arranged 　C. be arranged 　D. would be arranged 　(答案：C)(2003年45题) 　(2)It is highly desirable that a new president _____ for this university. 　A. is appointed 　B. will be appointed 　C. be appointed 　D. has been appointed 　(答案：C)(1997年52题)

?虚拟语气在感叹句中的运用

　If only引起的感叹句，也要求用虚拟语气。该结构中的动词形式与wish的宾语从句动词形式相同。与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式(be 一律用were)；与将来事实相反，则用would/could+动词原形，与过去事实相反，则用had / could have +过去分词。

If only	主语 + 动词过去式
If only	he were still alive. 要是他还活着就好了。
If only	I were five years younger! 要是我能年轻5岁就好了！
If only	she had never been married. 要是她从没有结婚就好了。

?

独立主格结构的特点：1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2)名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

　例如：

　The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

　The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

　Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　天气允许，我们明天去看你。

　This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

　The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

　He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。

　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：

Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。

　 As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.

　 Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。

　 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.

　典型例题

　1)_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

A. Followed　 B. Followed by　 C. Being followed　 D. Having been followed

　答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by(被…跟随)。本题可改为：　　　　　　　　 With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.

　2)There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.　

A. followed　 B. following　 C. to be followed　 D. being followed

　答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。

　3)_______, liquids can be changed into gases.

A. Heating　 B. To be heated　 C. Heated　 D. Heat

　答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…

注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：

Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。

　 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。

??worth 的用法

worth, worthy, worthwhile都是形容词，意为"值得"。

1). worth： be worth + n.　 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……"

常见的有It ’s worth while to do./ It ’s worth(someone’s)while doing

　　　　　 be worth doing sth.　"……某事值得被做"

　The question is not worth discussing again and again. 这问题不值得反复讨论。

2). worthy：be worthy of +n.　当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"

　　　　　 be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"

　The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.

3). worthwhile： be worthwhile to do sth　 "值得做某事"

It is worthwhile to ask him to join the club.值得邀请他加入俱乐

?考试重点：分词在句中的作用；现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别；现在分词和过去分词的区别；分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致；分词的独立主格；with(without)引导的分词的独立结构。 　-ING分词是指由动词原形+-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式，具体形式如下：

	主动形式	被动形式
现在式	doing	being done
过去时		Done
完成时	having done	having been done

就其语法功能而言，它可以作表语、补足语、状语和定语。 　一、分词在句中的作用 　1、She was sitting in an armchair _____ a book. 　A. reading 　B. to read 　C. to be reading 　D. to have read 　(答案：A。分词短语在句中做伴随状语。)(1995年37题) 　 2、_____ anything about the accident, he went to work as well. 　A. Not know 　B. Know not 　C. Knowing not 　D. Not knowing 　( 答案：D。分词做原因状语)(2000年28题) 　 3、They all returned to the village _____ that the danger was over. 　A. convincing 　B. convinced 　C. to convince 　D. having convinced 　(答案：B。过去分词做伴随状语)(1997年57题) 　 4、We kept our _____ all night to frighten the wolves. 　A. burning fire 　B. burnt fire 　C fire burning 　D. fire burnt 　(答案：C。现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行)(1997年55题) 　二、现在分词和过去分词的区别 　1、She told me that it was the most _____ gift her daughter had received. 　A. delighting 　B. delighted 　C. delights 　D. delight 　(答案：A。现在分词修饰的是事物，常译作“令人……”，具有主动、进行的意思。过去分词修饰人，常译作“感到……”，具有被动、完成的概念。又如：a moved audience：受感动的观众。)(2003年38题) 　2、My parents are _____ with my progress. 　A. please 　B. pleased 　C. pleasing 　D. being pleased 　(答案：B。) ??

　(五)stop 和go on后面接不定式和动名词的区别 　动名词表示停下或继续正在做的事情；不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做另外一件事情。 　1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _____. 　A. on rest 　B. at rest 　C. resting 　D. to rest 　(答案：D。“to rest”作目的状语，意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。)(1999年29题) 　2、Men will never stop _____ for new ways of getting new energy. 　A. search 　B. to search 　C. searching 　D. searched 　(答案：C) 　3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on _____ like that? 　A. talking 　B. to talk 　C. doing talking 　D. talk 　(答案：A) 　(六)remember 和forget接不定式和动名词的区别 　remember, forget + doing sth：表示动作发生在过去。 　remember, forget +to do sth：表示动作尚未发生。 　1、Don’t forget _____ the window before leaving the room. 　A. to have closed 　B. to close 　C. having closed 　D. closing 　(答案：B。to close表示一个在leaving 之后发生的将来的动作)(2001年28题) 　2、I remember giving the letter to him. 　我记得把信给他了。(giving表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作。) 　(七)have sth done 和 have sb do sth的用法 　1、We are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer. 　A. to rearrange 　B. rearrange 　C. rearranged 　D. rearranging 　(答案：C。have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。)(2002年50题) 　2、I’ll _____ that I’m a qualified engineer. 　A. have you know 　B. have known you 　C. have you knowing 　D. have you known 　(答案：A。表示让某人做某事。)(2003年25题)

I have my clothes ____ ,so I am busy.

A　 washed

B　 to be washed

C　 wash

D　 washing

I have my clothes washed, so I am free.

I have my girlfriend wash my clothes ??

考试重点：动名词的逻辑主语，完成式，被动式，否定式；动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略；“to”的作用。 　基本形式：

	主动形式	被动形式
一般时	doing	being done
完成时	having done	having been done

在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。

动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如：

admit 承认	appreciate 感激	avoid 避免	complete完成	consider认为	delay 耽误
deny 否认	detest 讨厌	endure 忍受	enjoy 喜欢	escape 逃脱	fancy 想象
finish 完成	imagine 想象	mind 介意	miss 想念	postpone推迟	practice 训练
recall 回忆	resent 讨厌	resume 继续	resist 抵抗	risk 冒险	suggest 建议
face 面对	include 包括	stand 忍受	understand 理解	forgive 宽恕	keep 继续

admit to	prefer…to	be used to	lead to	devote oneself to	object to
stick to	no good	no use	be fond of	look forward to	be proud of
be busy	can't help	be tired of	be capable of	be afraid of	think of
burst out	keep on	insist on	count on	set about
put off	be good at	take up	give up	be successful in

to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词：

admit to	object to	be accustomed to	be used to	stick to	turn to开始
look forward to	be devoted to	pay attention to	contribute to	apologize to	devote oneself to