10．Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes 　　　　　.

　　　 A．without realizing criticism may destroy their self-confidence

　　　 B．in order to make them remember life’s lessons

　　　 C．believing that criticism is beneficial for their early development

　　　 D．so as to put more pressure on them

9．According to the passage sport is positive for young people in that 　　　　　.

　　　 A．it can help them learn more about society

　　　 B．it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves

　　　 C．it enables them to find flaws in themselves

　　　 D．it can provide them with valuable experiences

8．What is the subject discussed in the text?

　　　 A．The theory of programmed cell deaths.　 B．A great scientist-Sir John Sulston.

　　　 C．The programmed human life.　　　　　 D．Dangerous diseases.

C

Sports is not only physically challenging, but it can also mentally challenging. Criticism(批评)from coaches(trainers), parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create too much anxiety or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological, and research has showed that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.

The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware(realize), at all times, that their feedback(反馈)to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters many take their parents’ and coaches’ criticisms to heart and find a flaw(缺陷) in themselves.

Coaches and parents should also be cautious(careful) that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In today’s youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game, many parents and coaches focus on(pay more attention to) the outcome and find fault with youngsters’ performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided in spite of the outcome. Research shows that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress(pressure), which can lead to burnout.

7．The underlined word “they” (paragraph 5) refers to 　　　　　.

　　　 A．cell deaths　　　　 B．diseases　　　　　　 C．instructions　　　　 D．cells

6．People might be seriously ill if the cells in heir body 　　　　　.

　　　 A．grow without being instructed　　　　　 B．die regularly

　　　 C．fail to follow people’s instructions　　 D．develop in the human body

5．Sir John Sulston got a Nobel Prize for Medicine because he has 　　　　　.

　　　 A．found that human beings are similar to the worn

　　　 B．got the fact we share 40 per cent of our genetic structure with the simple worm

　　　 C．found the computer which controls each of the cells in the human body

　　　 D．proved that cell death is programmed

4．The story told in this passage tells us that employees care about 　　　　　.

　　　 A．only how large a pay they can get

　　　 B．love from the managing people rather than only money

　　　 C．if their children could be properly taken care of

　　　 D．what position they can be offered

B

Whatever our differences as human beings are, we all think we’re more like the rest of the animal world than we realize. It is said that we share 40 per cent of our genetic(遗传的)structure with the simple worm.

But that fact has helped Sir John Sulston win the 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine. Sir John is the founder of the Sanger Institute in Cambridge, which was set up in 1992 to get further understanding of the human genome(染色体组).

To help them do this, they turned to the worm. The nematode(线虫类的)worm is one of the earliest creatures on planet earth. It is less than one millimeter long, completely transparent and spends its entire life digging holes through sand. But it still has lots to say about human life, and what can be done to make it better.

What the worm told Sir John and his colleagues was that each of cells in the human body is programmed like a computer. They grow, develop and die according to a set of instructions that are coded in our genetic make-up.

Many of the diseases that humans suffer from happen when these instructions go wrong or are not obeyed. When the cell refuses to die but carries on growing instead, this leads to cancer. Heart attacks and diseases like AIDS cause more cell deaths than normal, increasing the damage they do to the body. Sir John was the first scientist to prove the existence of programmed cell death.

3．This passage shows us that to run a business well it is necessary for managers to let their employees know 　　　　　.

　　　 A．how much they can get for their job.　　　　 B．what good positions they can get later

　　　 C．they are very necessary to the business　　　 D．they are nice as well as useful

2．Although a new manager, Cynthia would do her job well in keeping quality employees because she 　　　　　.

　　　 A．had mastered all the courses for the manager

　　　 B．had already formed good relationship with the employees

　　　 C．know the way how to deal with her employees

　　　 D．had her own personal experience

1．Among many of the problems in the service industry, talked about in this passage, is 　　　　　.

　　　 A．how to ensure his employees’ high pay　　 B．how to attract more customers

　　　 C．how to look carefully after the employees　 D．how to keep the good employees from leaving