题目列表(包括答案和解析)
2.某些动词,如sell,write,wash与副词连用,表示事物的特征时。
做题时还要注意以下解题技巧:
考生应熟知常用时态和被动语态的构成及用法。高考题往往不会涉及单一的时态语态,而是更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和呼应及与语态的结合使用。所以解题时一定要结合语境,弄清时间的先后关系,可根据不同情况采取“找标法”(寻找时间标志词)、“呼应法”(主从句时态呼应)、“搭配法”(固定搭配)、“语境法”等解题技巧。
一、慧眼识别标志词
如果题干中有标志性的时间状语,则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态。
[例]①More than a dozen students in that school ________ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent B. were sentC. had sentD. had been sent
[解析] 此题有明显的时间标志词last year,提示我们应该使用一般过去时;句中的主语students是被送的对象,应该使用被动语态。答案为B。
动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语,请同学们熟记下列8种常用时态所对应的时间状语。
(1)一般现在时:often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day等。
(2)一般过去时:then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等。
(3)现在进行时:now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等。
(4)过去进行时:then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
(5)现在完成时: recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years…, for+一段时间, since + 一点时间等。
(6)过去完成时:before, by the end of last month/years…等。
(7)一般将来时:tomorrow, today, next week/month…, in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等。
(8)过去将来时:the following month, the next week等。
[命题角度及对策]高考测试动词时态须与句中时间状语一致时,常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力。敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态,是解决此类问题的良策。
二、主从时态须呼应
如果所给题干是主从复合句,可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态。
命题角度及对策]近年来高考考查主从句的时态呼应时,常放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查。在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点:
(1)在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时,一般过去时表示过去将来时,用现在完成时表示将来完成时。
(2)正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。
(3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则:主句动词为现在时,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态;主句动词为过去时,则从句动词须用恰当的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时)。
三、仔细体会语境
近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化。因此,仔细体会所给语境,根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题。
例:-Do you think we should accept that offer?
-Yes,we should,for we______ such bad luck up till now,and time______ out.
A. have had;is running
B. had;is running
C. have;has been run
D. have had;has been run
[答案解析] A。由时间标志词up till now知道,动作是从过去延续到现在,所以第一空要用现在完成时;而根据语境可知时间快要耗光了,所以第二空要用进行时表将来。
-Can you tell me the timetable of the__________school bus?
-Well, the bus__________here for the __________campus at 7:00 A.m..
A.will leave B.left
C.is leaving D.leaves
[答案解析] D。考查时态,“校班车的时间表”是规定好的事情,表示一般性动作用一般现在时。
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
[例题1]With our society developing,the level of life in our eountry greatly recently.
A.has been rose B.has been raised C.had rose D.rose
[解题指导]此题考查一般过去时与现在完成时的区别之一:时间状语不同。一般过去时,常与表示过去时间点的词连用(表示过去某时发生的动作);而现在完成时常与表示一段时间的词连用(表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态)。抓时间状语是关键:判断是时间点还是时间段。
[解析]B。首先根据句中时间状语recently(近来)表示一段时间可知,此处应用现在完成时;再结合句意可知应用被动语态,故答案为B。A项中的动词rise是不及物动词,没有被动语态,故A项不对。
[例题2]Look!How clean they are!What with them?
A.have you done B.did you do C.had you done D.do you do
[解题指导]此题考查一般过去时与现在完成时的区别之二:一般过去时表示过去某时的状态或发生的动作,与现在没有什么联系;而现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。因此解题的关键是:结合句意判断这个动作有无影响。
[解析]A。过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响就隐藏在句中:How clean they ale!也就是说你的打扫使得房间清洁,强调”你的打扫”的影响和结果,故用现在完成时。
[例题3]一I haven“seen you for ages.Haven’t you graduated from college?一Yes,--English four’years in Seijing.
A.study B.have studied C.am studying D.studied
[解题指导]此题考查一般过去时与现在完成时的区别之三:过去时与一段时间连用表示动作没有持续到现在;而现在完成时与一段时间连用表示动作持续到了现在。结合句意判断动作是否持续到现在是解题的根本所在。
[解析]D。“Yes”表明“已经毕业”,也就是说,“已不在北京学习”,即动作没有持续到现在,故用一般过去时。
一般过去时与过去进行时的区别
一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成,而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。近三年全国各地区考查一般过去时与过去进行时的区别的题目有10道。
[例题4]I had wanted to help you last night but I couldn’t spare my time, for I a composition which I had to hand in this morning.
A.wrote B.was writing C.had written D.have’written
[解题指导]结合句意判断动作是否完成是解题的关键。
[解析]B。结合句意”我昨晚想帮你可是抽不出时间,因为昨晚我在写一篇作文,这篇作文我今早必须得交”可知,正是因为作文没写完”我”才不能帮”你”的忙,故用过去进行时。A项wrote,一般过去时,表示作文已经写完,(就可以帮人家了)与题意相矛盾,故不能用一般过去时。
[例题5]Do remember to remind me to return the book I from you.
A.was borrowing B. had borrowed C. borrowed D.would borrow
[解题指导]本题的解题关键是结合句意判断动作是否完成。
[解析]C。句意为”记着提醒我把借你的书还给你”。”借”这个动作已经完成,故用一般过去时。
被动语态
被动语态是高考考查的重点,是每年必考的语法项目,而且是和时态放在一起进行综合考查的。
[例题6]Clothes made of this material comfortably,but easily.
A.wear;aren’t washed B.are’worn;don’t washC.wear;don’t wash D.are WOrn;aren’t washed
[解题指导]考生要弄清何时用主动形式表被动意义:
1.表示感觉、感官的系动词后跟形容词时。
5.含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢
Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.
4.不可变为被动语态的几种情况
①当句子的宾语是反身代词时(因为反身代词不可作主语)
He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。不可变为Himself can be dressed by him.
②当句子的宾语是相互代词时(因为相互代词不可作主语)
We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.
③动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式,不能用被动式
He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.
类似lose heart词组的还有make a face,keep silence,keep words,lose in thought等等
④take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态
She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.
⑤当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时
Our village has twenty tractors. 我们村有20台拖拉机。
The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能盛2000人
The war lasted four years. 这场战争持续了4年
⑥当某些及物动词(如leave, enter, join,等)的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时
The students entered the classroom one by one. 学生门陆续地进了教室。
My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了党。
My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父亲5年前离开了家乡。
⑦当句子的宾语是同源宾语时
The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活。
⑧当句子的宾语为行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时
I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着,我简直不相信自己的眼睛。
He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。
⑨当用非谓语动词作宾语时
He likes studying English. 他喜欢学习英语
I wish to go there myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟
注意:少数以不定式(短语)做宾语的动词(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以变为被动句,但不能以不定式(短语)直接做被动句的主语,而要借助it为先行主语,将不定式(短语)置于谓语动词之后
He has decided to go and study abroad.
→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。
3.主动表示被动的几种情况
①不及物动词与状语连用,用以表示主语的品质和状态
常见动词是:cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等
This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。
These books sell well.这些书好卖。
The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。
Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。
The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
②一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等
The apples taste good.
The flower smells wonderful.
The news proved/turned out true
Cotton feels soft.
2.被动语态的句型
①常见句式是:主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者)
He was scolded by the English teacher.
②主语+get+过去分词+其它成分
The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.
使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者”
在现代英语中大量地出现了由"get+及物动词的过去分词"构成的被动语态,这就叫做get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限,通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
▲get+及物动词的过去分词
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形
式连用,构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身,常指"最后终于,突然发生"等意
义。
He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。
The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。
▲get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中,也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。
The old man was offered a large sum of money. (正)有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。
The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误)
▲get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩
He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。(有“活该”之意)
How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了?(有“不该关上’之意)
▲get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态,而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。
She got tired. 她感到累了。(有开始感到疲劳的含义)
She was tired. (只表示”她累了”)
③带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可以是间接宾语。
She lent me a bike.®被动:▲I was lent a bike(by her).
▲A bike was lent to me(by her).
④情态动词+be+过去分词
This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
⑤双重被动式:主语+被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.
The murderer was ordered to be shot.
1.被动语态的适用范围
①当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。
This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。
②为了强调动作的承受者时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求参观者不可触摸展品。
③出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者
You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。
常用于如下句型:
It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 据说……
It's reported that… 据报道…… It's not decided that…尚未决定
It's believed that… 据认为…… It's announced that…据宣布……
11.要求一定时态的固定的句型
①was/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事,这时突然……)
I was reading a book when the bell rang.
②was/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事,这时突然……)
We were about to leave when the telephone rang.
③It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
It’s the first time I’ve seen her.
We have been there three times.
如果句中有比较确定的时间状语,则服从时间状语的要求。
Last year I saw him many times.
④It is/has been… since…
It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.
She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.
⑤Hardly… when…\No sooner… than…
Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.
I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.
⑥It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
This is the first time I have been here.
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.
III.被动语态的用法
被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为"be+及物动词的过去分词"。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时,由"情态动词(can, may must, have to等)+be +动词的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时,其构成为"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +动词的-ed形式"构成。
10.过去将来时
①过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图打算(主要用于宾语从句中);
She was sure she would succeed.
I thought you would come.
把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式,便成了过去将来时的表达形式。
②表示过去经常发生的动作。
When he was young, he would go swimming
注意:would与used to的区别:would只表示过去,不涉及现在,而used to表示“过去常常”要与现在比较,即现在不是这样了。
9.将来完成时
用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和by短语,when,before引起的时间状语连用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
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