52. When did people begin to take pictures widely?

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51. What do you think of the first photo taken by Niepce?

　　 ___________________________________________________________________________

50. What is his attitude(态度) towards his difficult situation?

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(6)

　　 In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business. But he was not a good artist, so he invented a very simple camera. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his garden. That was the first photo.

　　 The next important date in the history of photography(摄影) was in 1837. That year, Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his reading room. He used a new kind of camera in a different way. In his picture you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest thing. This kind of photo was called Daguerreotype.

　　 Soon, other people began to use Daguerre’s way. Travelers brought back wonderful photos from all around the world. People took pictures of famous buildings, cities and mountains.

　　 In about 1840, photography was developed. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. That was not simple. The photographers had to carry a lot of film and other machines. But this did not stop them, for example, some in the United States worked so hard. Mathew Brady was a famous American photographer. He took many pictures of great people. The pictures were unusual because they were very lifelike(栩栩如生的).

　　 Photography also became a kind of art by the end of the 19th century. Some photos were not just copies of the real world. They showed ideas and feelings, like other art forms.

49. What happened to him when he grew up?

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48. How did Hawking work when he was a university student?

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46. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text?

　　 A. In China, those who get into the habit of smoking seem to be younger and

　　　 younger.

　　 B. More than half of teachers and doctors are smokers in China.

　　 C. The writer suggests schools should be designated as non-smoking zones.

　　 D. It is of a great help to stop smoking in public places.

45. In the writer’s opinion, who or what has a bad effect on young smokers,

　　 especially those under 18?

　　 A. Parents　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B. Teachers only

　　 C. Advertisements　　　　　　　　　 D. Teachers and Doctors

44. We can learn from the passage that _____.

　　 A. Seth was quite strict with his neighbor

　　 B. the tanner wanted very much to sell his own house

　　 C. the tanner found a good way to remove the unpleasant smell

　　 D. Seth got used to the smell after a period of time.

(4)

　　 China now has 380 million smokers-about one third of the world total. Chinese smokers now become addicted to nicotine(尼古丁) at the age of 19, five years earlier than the average starting age of 24 in 1997.

　　 Of the 1.1 billion smokers all over the world, more than 800 million are in developing countries. And as the world’s largest developing country, China also has the largest number of smokers.

　　 Some frightening facts start to appear when we examine who China’s smokers are. Of the 380 million smokers, more than 100 million are under the age of 18, while more than 50 percent of male teachers and doctors are smokers.

　 　Such a high rate of smokers among men teachers and doctors will certainly have a bad effect on the young generation. Teachers are usually expected to be role models for students who tend to consider whatever they do is right and follow their example. It is very likely that the number of teenage smokers will increase in the near future unless measures are taken to stop teachers from smoking in front of their students or designate schools as non-smoking zones(区域).

　　 What is truly puzzling is why so many doctors smoke. They are aware of the results of the habit, such as high blood pressure and lung cancer. Their example only helps to make smoking of so many others seem normal.

　　 If educated people set an example by stopping at least in public places, it would be much easier to tell people that it is uncivilized(不文明的) to smoke in public places.

　　 In China, there should also be a national law to stop smoking in public places. These would make a great contribution to cutting the number of people in China who are smoking themselves into an early grave(坟墓).

43. The reason why Seth wanted to buy the tanner’s house was that _____.

　　 A. his own house was not big enough for his family

　　 B. the tanner wanted to sell his house at a low price

　　 C. he couldn’t bear the bad smell of the tannery

　　 D. he wanted to help the tanner