4. I was brought into people’s homes in the 1970s.

3. After I got my new transistors in the 1960s, I cecame smaller but cleverer and quicker.

2. My real father was Charles Babbage, who wrote a book and built me in 1936.

1. In 1642, I began as a calculating machine and could solve any mathematical problem.

1. 单词拼写 (每个1分, 共10分)

据汉语注释或首字母写出单词的正确形式。

(1). The scientists __________(推算) when the spacecraft would reach the moon.　

(2). They _______(简化) the aricle so as to make children easier to understand.　

(3). The children seem to be __________ (完全地)incapable of working quietly by themselves.　

(4). With a lot of questions______(解决), the workers went home with happiness.

(5). Scientists have been _______(探索) the stars and space since 200years ago.

(6). All I get is a busy s______when I dial his number.

(7). Once a bad situation a_____, we should keep calm and take quick action.

(8). P_______, I think the show is going to be a great success.

(9). Most mushrooms sold in supermarkets have been grown a_______ not naturally.

(10). Buyers can download his latest novel to read on a computer, personal organiser or e_______book.

[写作指导]

本单元的作文是想象作文。想象自己是一个为家庭服务的机器人，根据所给描述，写出自己的感想。

写作时使用角色错位法，即改换一个人的身份和地位，让他变成与原来完全相反的另外一个人，跨越时空的限制，突破现实与环境的局限，充分地调动各种个性化因素，如各自的经历、知识层次、经验、兴趣等，自由通畅地表达自己的所思所想。

注意用词准确，时态语态正确，语句通顺连贯，表达方式丰富。人称的使用注意题目的要求。要根据内容分段落来写，不要一段写到底，要给人一种层次感。

[佳作赏析](2006江西)

请 用“中秋节的等待”为题，用英语写一篇短文，想象下图的内容，并就此发表你的评论。

要求：1. 文章必须包括描述和评论两部分。

2. 词数为100左右。

分析：这是一篇看图作文, 根据写作内容包括两部分,即描述图画和就此现象发表评论,由此可知写作要点如下:

1.时钟所指时间:时间较晚。

2. 老奶奶盯着门口,盼望儿字、儿媳及孙辈的到来，桌子上的菜已变凉。

3．老爷爷不止一次拨打桌子上的电话。

4．儿女不仅要给予父母物质上关心，还要给予精神上的关怀。

5．呼吁全社会都来心老人。

本文给出了一幅图画，这就要求我们发挥合理想象，通过这一现象来表现主题。

范文：

Waiting on Mid-autumn Festival

It is a quarter past nine at night. The old couple have had the reunion dinner prepared for a long time. They are sitting at the table waiting for their son, daughter –in –law and their lovely grandchildren. The dishes are gradually cooling down, but they have not come yet. The grandmother is staring at the door eagerly and the grandfather is making telephone calls but can not get through.

Are they too busy to come to their parents’ home to have dinner on Mid-autumn Day ?

It ought to be a happy day for family members to get together. But like the old couple in the picture, today many old people are ignored by their children. They also need love and care. There is nothing more important than their family’s happiness for them. So every adult should try their best to spend some time with their parents and comfort their lonely heart.

点评：

本文在描述和评论两方面把握得较好，描述是基础，评论是升华。描述把关键的细节都传神地表达出来，评论则针砭时弊，加上一些高级词汇和情感性语言的运用，完全达到了预期的写作效果。高级词汇reunion, cool down, get through, ignore 等的运用使文章呈现出许多亮点。情感生语言lovely, eagerly, comfort their lonely heart 等的运用把习作者的情感充分地表达出来了。

体 验 探 究

例1 . If Newton lived today, he would be surprise by what ____ in science and technology.(2007天津)

A. had discovered　　　　　 　　　　　　 B. had been discovered

C. has discovered　　　　 　　　　　　　　 D. has been discovered

[探究]D 句意：如果牛顿还活着，他会惊叹于今天科学技术的新发现。题干中what在从句中作主语，又是动词discover的承受者，所以要用被动语态。据此排除A、C。又据题意中today以及惊叹的是到现在为止的发现，便可推断要用现在完成时的被动语态，故选D。

例2 When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what ________ . (2007四川)

　 A.have marked　　 B. have been marked　 C.had marked　 D.had been marked

[探究]B句意为：当你拿回试卷时须特别注意已经标注过的部分。本题考查动词的时态，该句强调过去已修改过的东西并强调对现在的影响，用现在完成时，又因其主语为whtat,所以用被动态。故用现在完成时的被动态，选B。

[巩固]

1. More patients ______in hospital this year than last year.

　 A. treated　　 B. have treated　　 C. had been treated　　 D. have been treated

D ,本题考查的是现在完成时的被动语态，treat 与patient是动宾关系 ，而this year是表示现在的时间状语，所以用现在完成时的被动语态。

2. –How long______ at this job?

　 -- Since 1990.

　 A. were you employed　　 B. have you been employed　　

C. had you employed　　 D. will you be employed

解析：B本题考查的是现在完成时的被动语态， 根据答语Since 1990可确定 用现在完成时态，而employ与 you之间是被动关系，故答案为B。

3.The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power ______ increased enormously ever since.

　 A. is　　 B. was　　 C. has been　　 D. had been

解析：C本题考查的是现在完成时的被动语态，ever since与现在完成时连用，表示从此以后所做的事情，而power是 increase的动作执行者，要用被动语态。

4. More patients ______ in hospital this year than last year.

A. treated　　 B. have treated　　 C. had been treated　　 D. have been treated　

解析：D本题考查的是现在完成时的被动语态，因Treat 与patient之间是动宾关系，要用被动语态，this year 是表示现在的时间状语，故用现在完成时态。

例3．I am surprised that you should have been fooled by such a(an)______trick.

(2001京蒙皖春季)

　 A. ordinary　　 B. easy　　 C. smart　　 D. simple　

[探究]D, 本题考查形容词simple的用法，它含有“纯粹的；完全的”之意，　 simple trick表示“完全是一个骗局”，而ordinary 表示“一般的”，smart 表示“伶俐的”。

　[巩固]

1．　　　　 He considered himself intelligent, but in fact he is______.

A. simple-minded　　 B. open-minded　　 C. absent-minded　　 D. strong-minded

解析A, 本题考查的是符合形容词，simple-minded头脑简单的， open-minded心胸开阔的，absent-minded心不在焉的，strong-minded性格坚强的，由题意知：他认为自己是个聪明的人，但事实上却是个头脑简单的人。故答案为A。

2. Believe it or not, a famous scientist can be ______ sometimes, for example, Newton forgot to go back for dinner with his friends he had invited.

A. strong –minded　　 B. absent-minded　　 C. simple-minded　　 D. narrow-minded

解析B, 本题考查的是复合形容词，由题意知：信不信由你，一个有名的科学家有时可能心不在焉，比如，牛顿曾忘记与被他邀请的人一块进餐。

例3 After the president made an official announcement, she expressed her______ opinion.

(2000上海)

A. personal　　 B. private　　 C. single　　 D. individual　

[探究]A，本题考查的是形容词作定语，题意为：当总统发布了官方宣布后，他表达了自己的观点。Express personal opinion表达自己的观点，而private 私人的，single单个的， individual个体的，故答案为：A.。

[巩固]

1.　　　　　　　 ________, I'm in favour of the plan.　

A. Personally　　 B. Generally　　 C. Likely　　 D. Mainly

解析A，本句的意思为：就本人而言, 我赞成这个计划。Personally就个人而言， Generally一般来说，Likely可能，Mainly主要地。

2.　　　　　　　 He showed us________ around the factory.

A. privately　　 B. directly　　 C.honestly　　 D. personally

解析 D，本题考查的是副词作状语，题意为：他亲自带我们参观了那个工厂。Privately私下地，directly 直接地，honestly诚实地，personally亲自地，故答案为：D。

例4. Letterboxes are much more______in the UK than in the US, where most people have a mailbox instead.　 (2006浙江)

　 A. common　　 B. normal　　 C. ordinary　　 D. usual　

[探究]A.本题考查同义词辨析，common指许多人或事物所共同具备而常见， ordinary指由于与一般事物的性质或标准相同，因而显得平常无奇特之处，反义词为special， usual 指在某一时间或某一时间内所常见的，往往指常用的东西，或常发生的事情，反义词为unusual，normal 意为“正常的；正规的；标准的”，同意于usual, regular，本句的意思为：Letterboxes在英国比在美国更常用，在美国大多数都有一个mailbox。

[巩固]

1.Generally speaking, friends have______ in ______ each other.

　A. little; common with　　 B. much; common with

　C. many; common with　　 D. much; similar to　　

解析 B　 have little in common with与…几乎没有共同之处，　 have much in common with与…有许多共同之处， 本句的意思为：一般来说，朋友之间有许多共同之处。

2.Sometimes I really wonder how I could make friends with a man who has little ______ with me.

A. in common　　 B. in ordinary　　 C. the same　　 D. in similar　

解析A who has little ______ with me.是定语从句修饰man，由题意知：有时候我真的不明白我是怎么能与我几乎没有共同爱好的人成为朋友呢。Have little in common with 与…几乎没有共同之处。

例5.He tried his best to solve the problem, ______difficult it was.(2005天津)

　 A. however　　 B. no matter　　 C. whatever　　 D. although　

[探究]A，本题考查however引导的状语从句，no matter引导状语从句要与how连用，而whatever 后面不跟形容词，although引导让步状语从句，因此选A。

[巩固]

1. You should try to get a good night’s sleep______much work you have to do.(2004湖北)

A. however　　 B. no matter　　 C. although　　 D. whatever　

解析A，后接形容词或副词引导让步状语从句，意思为“无论…”，本句的意思为：无论你有多少工作要做，你应该试图在夜里睡好觉。

2. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ______great it is.(1995全国)

A. what　　 B. how　　 C. however　　 D. whatever　　

解析C，本题考查however引导的让步状语从句，however great it is表示“无论困难有多大”，而what不能修饰形容词great，how不能引导让步状语从句，whatever不能修饰great，故选C。

例6．______about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.

　 A. So curious the couple was　　　 B. So curious were the couple　 (2005江苏)

　 C. How curious the couple were　　 D. The couple was such curious　

[探究]B，由题干和选项看，本题so为位于句首引起的倒装结构，so…that 引导结果状语从句.

[巩固]

1．It was ______ that we all went out for a walk.

　A. so beautiful day　　 B. such beautiful a day　

　C. such a beautiful weather　　 D. so beautiful a night　

解析D，本题考查so…that 和such …that，二者都可以引导结果状语从句，但so是副词，后面接形容词，副词或动词，而such是形容词，后面只能接名词。即：so beautiful a day, such a beautiful day.

2.He had ______ many things to do that he was busy all day long.

A. such　　 B. too　　 C. as　 D. so　

解析D，本题考查so…that和such…that 引导的结果状语从句，so是副词，后面接形容词，副词或动词，而such是形容词，后面只能接名词,但当名词被many, much修饰的时候要用so, 即：so many things, so much paper。

例7．Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and____ Jokes.(2005江苏)

　 A. turning up　　 B. putting up　　 C. making up　　 D. showing up　

[探究]C，本题考查的是动词短语，turn up表示“出现；露面”，　 put up表示“建立；搭起”，　 make up表示“编造；组成”， show up 表示“使显眼；显现”。本句的意思为：村里的每个人都喜欢Jack ，因为他善于讲故事并编造笑话，故选C。

[巩固]

1.Pay increases will not always ________ for poor working conditions.　

　 A. take up　　 B. pick up　　 C. carry on　　 D. make up

解析D，本题考查的是动词短语，take up占据，拿起，pick up用车接某人，偶尔习得一门语言，carry out执行，实行，make up组成，弥补，句意为：工资的增长并不总能够弥补恶劣的工作环境之不足，故答案为：D。

2. They ________ one-third of the province's population.　

A. make into　　 B. make from　　 C. make up　　 D. make out

解析C，make into将。。制成/变成，make from由。。。制成，make up组成，形成 ；打扮；弥补，make out听出；辨认出，由句意“他们占全省人口的三分之一”知：答案为：C

例8. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ______ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.(2005上海)　

A. taking　　 B. taken　　 C. having taken　 D. having been taken　　

[探究]A，Take advantage of表示“利用”，take 是伴随着are signing up进行的，故用-ing的一般时表示伴随状语。

[巩固]

1. Peter ________ his visit to Paris to improve his French.　

A. took on　　 B. took in　　 C. took back　　 D. took advantage of

解析D.本题考查的是take构成的动词短语，take on呈现，take in吸收，take back收回，take advantage of利用，句意为：彼得利用访问巴黎之机提高法语。故答案为：D。

2. He was a much older player but he had the great ______ of experience.

A. interest　　 B. honor　　 C. success　　 D. advantage　　

解析.D advantage表示“优势”，本句的意思为：他是个老队员，有着经验上的优势。

例9. I ‘d like to arrive 20 minutes early______ I can have time for a cup of tea.(2005北京)

　 A. as soon as　　 B. as a result　　 C. in case　　 D. so that　　

[探究]D.本题考查的是so that引导的结果状语从句，由arrive20 minutes early和have time for.. 知前后为因果关系，而as a result 结果，in case 以防万一，故选D。

[巩固]

1.Speak to him slowly ________ he may understand you better.

　A. since　　 B. so that　 C. for　　 D. because

解析B so that可以引导“目的”和“结果”，so that引导的目的状语从句，相当于in order that引导的目的状语从句。

2. The mountain is ____ steep ____ few people in our village could reach the top.

A. such; that　　 　　 　B. so; that　　　　 　C. as; as　　　　 　　D. too; to　　　

解析B so … that 引导的结果状语从句, 太……以致于……。

例10. --Have you been wasting time on computer games again?

-- _________. I’ve been studying a lot and I need a break. (2007山东)

A. No way　　　　　　　 B. Not really

C. I don’t agree　　　　　 D. I couldn’t agree more

[探究]B句意：--你又在浪费时间玩计算机吗？--不。我已经学习了很久并且需要休息一会。A项意为“不可能；不行；没门儿(used to say that there is no possibility that you will do sth.or that sth.will happen)”,用于表示断然拒绝或强烈反对；B项意为“不，不完全如此(no or not very much)”；C项意为“我不赞同”，用于回答对方提出的观点或建议；D项意为“我非常赞同你所说的。”

[巩固]

1.----Shall we go to the movies together this Sunday?

　 ----________.

　 A. Yes, please　 B. Thank you all the same　　 C. OK. That’s settled　 D. You’re welcome

解析 C　 OK. That’s settled意思为：行, 就这样说定了。Thank you all the same 还是谢谢你；

You’re welcome回答感谢时的用语。

2.-Excuse me, do you have the time?

-　　　　 .

A. Yes, I do　　　　　　　 B. Of course, I have　　

C. A quarter to ten　　　　　 D. No problem

解析：C 句意：--劳驾，你知道现在几点了吗？---九点四十五分。该题很容易会错选A、B两项，关键信息是have the time,而不是have time。What time is it? What’s the time? What time do you make it? What time do you have? Do you have the time?这几个句子常用口语，表达询问时间。

例11-- I think he is taking an active part in social work.

--I agree with you　 　　　　　. (2007陕西)

A. in a way　　 B. on the way　　　　　　　 C. by the way 　 D. in the way

[探究]A句意：--我认为他积极参与社会工作。--在某种程度上我同意你的说法。in a way在某一程度或在某一点上，例如：In a way I can see what you mean, even though I don’t share your point of view. on the way在路上；by the way 顺便问一下‘’in the way挡路。故A正确。

[巩固]

____ my opinion, what you said at the meeting was practical_______.

A. In; in the way　　 B. In; in a way　　　　 C. On; on the way　 D. On; by the way

解析：B　 in my opinion 就我所见; in a way在某一点，在某种程度上。in the way挡道的，

妨碍人的; on the way在途中，在半路上；by the way顺便问一下。

发 展 评 价

2．说明理由(Reasoning)

A: You don’t like to fellow our English textbook , do you?

你不想跟教材学习，是吗？

B: No. In my opinion it is not a good way to study English.

是，那不是学习英语的好方法。

A: Will she be in tonight?

她今晚在家吗？

B: I think so.　

我想她在家。

A: I think he can pass the exam.

我认为他能通过考试。

B: I don’t think so/I think not/I don’t believe so.

我认为不会。

A: What do you think of raising pets at home?

你认为在家里饲养宠物如何？

B: I don’t think it’s good for people’s health.

认为这对人的身体健康不好。

A: What’s your opinion of Mary’s choice?

你认为瑪丽的选择如何？

B: In my opinion, she has made the right choice.

依我看，他做出了正确的选者。

A: I think this one is better because it is made exactly as planned.

我认为这个好，因为它完全是按计划制作的。

B: I don’t think so/I think not.

我不认为如此。

1．作出决定(Making decisions)

A: How do you spend the weekend? 这个周末怎样度过？

B: I’ve decided to go to see a film.我已决定去看电影。

A: Are you sure that he is an honest man? 你确信他是一个诚实的人吗？

B: Yes. I believe that he is an honest person.是的。我相信他是一个诚实的人。

A: How do we spend this weekend? 我们怎样度过周末？

B: Oh, I haven’t decided yet. Let’s make our decision together.哦，我还没有定下来，咱们一块作决定吧。

2. 疑点难点

(1). 现在完成时的被动语态有两个助动词，即 have ／has和been，两者缺一不可。

(2). 注意与一般过去时被动语态的区别。一般过去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过去某个时候，其结果对现在没有影响；而现在完成时被动语态的动作或状态尽管发生在过去，但侧重说明该动作或状态对现在造成的影响和结果。例如：

The house was built last year．这房子是去年建造的。

The house has been built．这房子已经建好了。

(3). 由finish，buy，start，begin，post，return，borrow， join，marry，open等词构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语如for four days，how long等连用，而要改换动词或时态。例如：

译：这本书买了多久了？

误：How long has this book been bought？

正：How long ago was this book bought？

但这类动词的否定式可表示动作的持续过程，具有延续性，因而可与since或for引导的时间段连用。例如：

No books have been bought since last week．自上周以来，没有人来买过书。

(4). 短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在被动结构中要保持完整性，不可省略短语动词中的介词或副词。例如：

The orphan has been well looked after．这位孤儿一直受到很好的照顾。

(5).现在完成时的被动语态同主动语态一样强调过去的动作对现在的影响。

(6).被动语态的各种时态是由be变化而来的，因此，要牢记be的各种时态变化形式。

(7). 熟记动词的过去分词的拼写是重要的，因为被动结构是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”组成。

(8).只有及物动词(即可以带宾语的动词)才可以作被动语态句子中的谓语。

现在完成时的被动语态的用法

1.基本要点

现在完成时被动语态的构成与用法

现在完成时的被动语态是本课中的重要语法项目，也是高考的重要考点，对于此语法需要注意以下几个方面：

1) 现在完成时被动语态的构成

(1).现在完成时被动语态的肯定式

由“have ／has +been +及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：

Two windows have been broken．两个窗子被打破了。

The child has been taken care of by Grandma Wang all these years.这些年，这个孩子一直由王奶奶照顾。

(2).现在完成时被动语态的否定式

由“have ／has +not+been +及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：

The car has not been repaired．这辆汽车还没有修好。

The dirty clothes haven’t been washed. 脏衣服还没有洗。

(3).现在完成时被动语态的一般疑问式

由“Have ／Has +主语+been+及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：

①─Has her work been finished？她的工作完成了吗？

─Yes，it has．是的，完成了。

②─Have the cars been repaired？这些汽车修好了吗？

─No，they haven't．不，还没有。

2).现在完成时被动语态的特殊疑问式

由“疑问词+have／has+主语+been+及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：

How long has her work been finished？她的工作完成有多久了？

Who has been helped by the new computer？谁已经得到了这台新计算机的帮助？

How many new words have been learned by the students？这些学生已经学会了多少单词？

2) 现在完成时被动语态的主要用法

(1).表示被动的动作发生在说话之前(即现在的过去)，强调对现在造成的影响和结果。例如：

The door has been locked．门被锁上了。(结果是现在没有人能进去)

(2).表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能将持续下去，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用，或用于How long ．．．？句型中。例如：

They have been told about it for many times．

有人告诉他们这事很多次了。(可能还会有人告诉他们)

How long has the machine been used？这机器使用有多久了？