2. keep (leave) + O + C (doing/done)使处于某种状态。

　 S+be kept (left) (doing/done)

Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day.

His work was left undone.

作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。

1. make + O + C(do/done)

　S+be made (to do/done)

Those who won’t work should be made to work.

He couldn’t make himself heard.

作状语的非谓语动词是分词和不定式。

1 现在分词与过去分词的区别　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

现在分词表主动，“令人……”；过去分词表被动，“感到……”这是两者最重要的区别。如：

This news is exciting .

I am excited at the news.

另外，描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词；描述人的情感则用过去分词。如：

I don’t think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished.

There was a surprised expression in her eyes.

2 现在分词的时态与语态

　　　　　 主动语态　　　　　　　 　　被动语态

　　　　　 doing　　　　　　　　　 　　being done

　　　　　 having done　　　 　　　　　having been done

过去分词时间意义

1)已完成。如：

Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.

2) 与谓语动作同时，如：

Heated ,water changes into steam.

3 分词用作表时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明的状语

Not understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher to explain the word.(原因，not understanding 与谓语动词asked同时)

Having made a decision, they immediately set out to work.(时间，having made a decision先于谓语动词set out)

Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put into mass production.(原因，having been experimented谓语动词put 且与主语product为被动关系)

The boy sat in the dark room, frightened and trembling .

4 不定式用作表目的、结果、方式和形容词原因的状语

1)目的

He got up early not to miss the first bus.

2)结果

　　 too…to, 　so…as to, 　such…as to, 　enough to.

She is too young to dress herself.

Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio ?

He hurried home (only) to find his mother was dying fast.

表示“预先未曾估计到，令人不愉快”的结果，用不定式，若表示按事情发展的过程，必然会产生的结果则用分词。

Their car was caught in a traffic jam, (thus) causing the delay.

3)方式

The water in this well is unfit to drink.

The river is dangerous to swim in.

不定式作方式状语，句子主语是不定式动词的逻辑宾语。该动词不能带宾语，如it ，且必须用主动语态。若动词为不及物动词，应加上适当介词。

4)形容词原因状语

I am very glad to meet you.

可作宾语的非谓语动词是不定式和动名词。

1不定式作宾语

英语中有相当数量的动词，只能带不定式结构作宾语，

如：agree, decide, hope, manage, offer, demand 等。

短语would like(love), be about (to do) 等；介词but, except也必须以不定式作宾语。如：

He demanded to know the truth.

We have no choice but to fight on.

I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg.

注意：

1)疑问代词如what, which，疑问副词如when, where引导的不定式可作know, decide等动作的宾语，但why除外。这种结构也可以作主语和表语。如：

We haven’t decided what steps to take next.

I didn’t know whether to laugh or (to ) cry.

I don’t know why to hold such a meeting.(×)

2)不定式中动词原形的省略。有时为了避免重复，不定式可以省去与前边重复的动词原形，而只留下to.

If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.(to 后省略了do it)

---Would you like to go for a picnic with me ?

---I’d love to, but I can’t spare any time at present.(to后省略了go for a picnic with you.

3)不定式的时态与语态

to do　　 to be done　 to be doing　 to have done　 to have been done

不定式的进行体、完成体常用在下列句型中：

happen to　 (be doing/have done)　 be thought to　 　be said to 　　　

pretend to　 　considered to 　be supposed to　　 　seem to　

be believed to　 be reported to

He pretended to be sleeping when I entered the room。

The organization is reported to have been set up 20 years ago when Dr Audon became its first president。

2 动名词作宾语

1)下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语：

understand ，appreciate， keep(on)，practice，finish，imagine，

miss，avoid，escape，suggest，resist，enjoy，delay，excuse，mind

I can’t imagine marrying a girl of that sort.

I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident.

　有的词既可带动名词，亦可带不定式，且用法不尽相同。如：

allow doing　 allow sb. to do; 　advise doing, 　advise sb.to do.

encourage

We do not allow smoking　 (talking) in the reading room.

We do not allow you to smoke.

2)下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语。

　be worth, pay attention to, object to, can’t help, devote oneself to, put off, be (get) used to, how/what about, feel like, look forward to.

3)下列动词可以用不定式作宾语，也可以用动名词作宾语，但有

明显的语意差别。

remember doing　　 forget doing　　 regret doing　　　 mean doing remember to do　 　forget to do　 regret to do　 mean to do　　　　　　　　 　try doing 　　　　　　try to do

可作表语的非谓语动词是不定式、动名词和分词。　　　　　　　　　

My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.(不定式解释主语　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 内容)

My favorite sport is playing football.(动名词解释主语内容)

His speech is inspiring.(分词说明主语性质)

The person was moved by the story.

动名词和不定式作表语时，一般也无严格区别，但在表语是不定式的句子中，若主语也用非谓语形式，这时要用不定式；同样表语是动名词时，则主语要用动名词。

To see is to believe.

Reading is learning, but applying(运用)is also learning and more important kind of learning.

可作主语的非谓语动词 是不定式和动名词。

例1　 To act like that is foolish.

例2　 Walking is good exercise.

例3　 ---Why were you so late for work today ?

　　　 ---Driving to the office was very slow this morning because　 of the traffic.　　　　　　　　　

一般说来，动名词与不定式作主语时，可以互换，注意：

1)表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式(例1)，表示无时限的泛指动作(例2)，或描述当时的情况(例3)倾向用动名词。

2)下列句型用动名词作主语：

It is no good(use) arguing with you.

There is no knowing what may happen.(不可能知道将会发生什么。)

20. A.turned　　　　　 B.became　　　　　 C.designed　　　　 D.practised

19. A.that way　　　　 B.so　　　　　　　 C.therefore　　　 D.soon

17. A.being built　　 B.being made　　　 C.being prepared　 D.being completed

t　　　　　 B.possess　　　　trol　　　　 D.manage

16. A.personlly　　　 B.attentively　　 C.immediately　　 D.eagerly