5、倒装句的要点复习

(1)在以there、here、now、then、such引导的，引起人们注意的招呼句要倒装。

There goes the bell. Here comes the bus.

(2)表示动态的状语，置于句首时，句子要倒装。

Off went the horse. In came the boss.

From the speaker comes the doctor’s voice.

(3)表示地点的词语置于句首或强调地点概念时。

South of the town lie two steel factories.

Between the two buildings stands a tall tree.

注意：句子的主语为人称代词时，句子不倒装。

Here it is. Away they went.

(4)否定词never、seldom、hardly、scarcely、barely、rarely、little、not、nowhere、by no means、at no time、neither、nor等放在句首时，句子常倒装。如：

By no means shall we give up.

Never have I been to the USA.

Seldom does she get up late in the morning.

(5)在not only … but also … no sooner … than …、hardly … when …、scarcely … when …、not until …、so … that …、such … that …句型中，主句倒装，从句不倒装，但要注意：neither … nor … 连接的句子前后两个分句都要倒装。

Not only is she smart but also she is beautiful.

Such great progress did he make that he was praised.

So heavy is the box that I can’t carry it.

Neither has he a pencil, nor has he a pen.

(6)Only + 状语或状语从句 +其他(only在句首时要倒装)。

Only then did I realize the importance of learning English.

(7)so、neither、nor放在句首时，表示前面的情况也适用于另一个人或物时，用部分倒装。

(8)表语或状语或动词原形 + as/though + 主语 + 其他时，句子要倒装。(在让步状语从句中)

(9)虚拟语气中用倒装代替if。

Were I you, I would go there at once.

Had you come yesterday, you could have helped us.

(10)在一些表示祝愿的句子中。

Long live China!

4、应注意的若干问题

(1)名词作主语。

①某些集体名词如family、team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数，反之用复数。

My family is going out for a trip.

The whole family are watching TV.

这类词常有audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等。

Population和“a group(crowd)of + 复数名词”也适用于这种情况，强调整体用单数，强调各个部分用复数。

②某些集体名词如people、police、cattle、oxen只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。

③单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。

A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there.

④名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等；作主语时，动词一般用单数。My uncle’s is not for from here.

常见的省略名词有the baker’s 、the barbar’s、the Zhang’s等。

表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：

Richardson’s have a lot of old goods to sell.

⑤当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数。

Thirty years has passed.

Five minutes is enough to finish the task.

⑥不定代词each、every、no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：

Each boy and each girl in my class has a dictionary.

⑦如果主语有more than one … 或many a … 构成，尽管从意义上

看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词用单数形式。

More than one student has seen the play.

Many a boy has bought that kind of toy.

但是，“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构之后，谓语用复数。

⑧一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors等。

但如果主语用a kind of、a pair of、a series of等加名词构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。

A pair of shoes was on the desk.

⑨this kind of book = a book of this kind(这种书)，其谓语动词；短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of

men(口语)(这一类人)，但this kind of men的谓语用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。如：

This kind of men is dangerous.

Men of theis kind/sort are dangerous.

⑩复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means、works、species(种类)、Chinese、Japanese等。当它们的前面有 a、such a、this、that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all、such、these、those修饰时，谓语用复数。

11如果名词词组中心词是all、most、half、rest等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，反之用单数。

All of my students work hard.

All of the oil is gone.

12在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：

Between the two windows hangs an oil painting.

(2)由连接词连接的名词作主语。

①用and或both … and 连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。

Truth and honesty is the best policy.

To love and to be loved is the great happiness.

Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.

A knife and fork is on the table.

②当主语后面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、along with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引导的词组时，采取“就远原则”。

③以or、either … or、neigher … nor、not only … but also等连接的词作主语时，采取“就近原则”。

(3)代词作主语。

①名词型物主代词连接的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。

Ours (Our Party) is a great Party.

Your shoes are white, mine (= my shoes) are black.

②such、the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。

Such is our plan. Such are his last words.

③关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。

④疑问词who、what、which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。

Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu.

Who lives next door? It is Wang and Li.

⑤不定代词any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主语时，要注意下列情况：

(A)单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.(B)其后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has

(have) seen the film.

(4)分数、量词作主语。

①“分数或百分数 +　名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如：

Lots of damage was caused by flood.

A number of students have gone to the countryside.

A large quantity of people is needed here.

Quantities of food (nuts) were still on the table.

②a great deal of、a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。

③表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

One and a half apples is left on the table.

④half of、(a)part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。

(5)名词化的形容词作主语。

如果主语由“the + 形容词(或分词)”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。这类词有the rich、the poor、the brave、the injured、the living、the wounded等。如表抽象的也可以用单数，如the unknown、the beautiful等。

(6)从句作主语。

①由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。

What we need is more money.

What we need are more people/teachers.

②在“one of + 复数名词 + who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式。如one前有the only则用单数形式。

This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told by my father.

She was the only one of the girls who was late for class today.

(7)不定式、名动词(短语)作主语用单数形式；There be句型中be的单复数取决于be后的第一个词的数。

There is a book, two pens on the desk.

There are two pens, a book on the desk.

3、就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如果连词or、either …　 or、neither … nor、not only … but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。

Either you or I am mad.

2、意义上一致

(1)主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。

The crowd were runing for their lives.

单数形式代表复数内容的词有people、police、cattle等。

(2)主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。The news is very exciting.

形复意单的单词有new、works(工厂)、means和以ics结尾的学科名称physics、poli-tics、economics等。

1、语法形式上的一致

主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。

The number of students in our school is 1,700.

Mary and Kelly look alike.

3. Was __________ that I saw last night at the concert?

A.it you　　　　 B.not you　　　 C.you　　　　 D.that yourself

解析：答案为A。本题考查强调句型的疑问式。只须将句序变为陈述句便不难得出答案。

2. I hope there are enough glasse for each guest to have ________.(NMET　 1995)

A.it　　　　　　 B.those　　　　 C.them　　　 D.one

解析：答案为D。本题考查替代词it和one的区别。it用于替代同类的、特定的、同一的事物；one替代同类的、泛指的人或物。根据题意“我希望有足够的杯子使每个客人有一个。”可知应用one泛指enough glasses中的一个。

选择填空

1. _________ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.(NMET　 1995)

A.There　　　　 B.This　　　　 C.That　　　　 D.It

解析：答案为D。本题考查作形式主语的用法。that引导的从句是真正的主语。为避免头重脚轻而平衡句子结构，将it置于句首作形式主语。

2、含有“It is …”的句型

(1)It is time (for sb.) to do sth.

It is (high) time that sb. did sth.(虚拟语气)

(2)It is + 形容词(+of / for sb.)+ to do sth.

通常用　of的词有brave、clever、careful、hopeless、kind、good、naughty、nice、silly、stupid、foolish、wise等。

(3)It is + 形容词 + that + sb. + (should) do sth.(虚拟语气)

能用于这个句型的形容词有strange、wonderful、natural、good、proper、right、wrong、well、fortunate、important、necessary、useless、likely、probable、impossible等。有时可省去should而直接用动词原形。如：

It is important that we should pay close attention to grain.

It is natural that he(should)say so.

(4)It is no use/ good + doing sth.

It is no use trying again = It is of no use to try again.

(5)It is + 被强调部分 + that/who + …

Was it in the street that you met her?

Who was it that called him“comrade”?

It was not until yesterday that I met my old friend.

It is in a small factory that my brother is going to work.(注意上述各句均为强调句型的“考点”)

比较：It is a small factory where my brother is going to work.(定语从句)

(6)It is said/reported/announced/ (well) known … that…

(7)It is/was + 时间 + since … 从……已多久了。

It is three years since I met him in Beijing.

It was a long time since I (had) lived in that small mountain village with these farmers.(注意两句中的时态)

It is five months since I arrived in New York.我到纽约已经五个月了。

It is five months since I was in New York.我离开纽约已经五个月了。

(注意：终止性动词表示从动作发生时算起；如果是状态动词或持续性动词，则从动作或状态结束时算起。)

(8)It is + 时间 + before …

这个句型和上面句型中时间都是时间段，如long、years、months、weeks、five days、three hours、twenty minutes等。不过主句的时态多用一般将来时或一般过去时。

It will be several years before we meet again.

　我们要过好几年才能再见面。

It was not long before they set out for the front.

不久他们就出发去了前线。

(9)It is /was/will be the first/second/third … time that …

It is the first time that I have been here.

It was the second time that he had seen the film.

(10)It is up to sb. to do sth … 应由某人做某事。

It is up to you to decide whether we start or not.

1、it的基本用法

(1)用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。

The train has arrived. It arrived half an hour ago.

(2)用以代替提示代词this, that。

-What’s this?　　　 -It’s a knife.

-Whose watch is that?　　 -It’s mine.

(3)起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。

-Who is knocking at the door?　　　 -It’s me.

(4)指环境情况等。

It was very noisy (quiet) at the very moment.

(5)指时间、季节等。

-What time is it?　　　　 -It’s eight o’clock.

It often rains in summer here.

(6)指距离。

It is a long way to the school.

(7)作形式主语。

It is not easy to finish the work in two days.

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

It is as pity that you didn’t read the book.

(8)作形式宾语。

I think it no use arguing with him.

I found it very interesting to study English.

He made it clear that he was not interested in that subject.

(9)用于强调结构。

It was Xiaoming whom(that)I met in the street last night.

It was in the street that I met Xiaoming last night.

It ws last night that I met Xiaoming in the street.

It was I who met Xiaoming in the street last night.