2．当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时，常借助“but, however,　　　　　　 instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符，这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有：

　　 should have done ／ ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。

　 should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。

　 need have done：表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做。

　need not have done：表示过去本来没有必要做某事，但事实上却做了。如：

3) I was really anxious about you． You ＿＿＿＿＿ home without a word．

　 (NMET2001)

　 A． mustn’t leave B． shouldn’t have left

　C． couldn’t have left D． needn’t leave

“本不应该离家出走却走了”，故本题选B。

4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ＿＿＿＿＿ for her．

　 (NMET’94)

A． had to write it out

B． must have written it out

C． should have written it out

D． ought to write it out

由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系，分析题意可知本题应选C。

1．当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明，且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时，我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有：

　　　　　　 must have done：

　　　　　　 表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作“一定做了……”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can’t／couldn’t have done?

　　　　　　 疑问式为Can／Could...have done﹖。

　　　　　　 could ／might have done：表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作“可能做了……”。如：

　　　　　　 1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he

　　　　　　 ＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture． ?

　　　　　　 A． couldn’t have attended

　　　　　　 B． needn’t have attended

　　　　　　 C． mustn’t have attended

　　　　　　 D． shouldn’t have attended

本题选A。

　　　　　 2)　 Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me．

　　　　　　 A． mustn’t have arrived

　　　　　　 B． shouldn’t have arrived

　　　　　　 C． can’t have arrived

　　　　　　 D． need not have arrived (C)

3. 与将来相反？将来的事情没有发生，所以只能推测。

　　 If it rains tomorrow, we'll have to stay one day more.

　　 不过，由于可以用be to表示将来；所以，虚拟语气中经常出现were to；也是CET-4的常考语法点。

v　　　 虚拟条件句

o　　　　 if 部分，做一个与事实相反的假设(所以只有一般过去和过去完成)；

o　　　　 主句部分，这是表示基于这个假设的推测，一般使用情态动词would，少数情况下使用could/might/may。

o　　　　 注意：两个部分之间，是有逻辑关系，而在两部分的谓语动词时态上，没有必然的联系。

v　　　 注意，虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，产生倒装。

v　　　 隐含的非真实条件

What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?

How could I be happy without you?

除了条件状语从句之外，原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。

o　　　　 由in order that, so that引起的从句，肯定的时候可以使用may/might; can/could; 否定的时候，多用shouldn't;

o　　　　 whoever, whatever, no matter what引起的从句中，多用may+

情态动词的基本用法及其区别

　　　　　　 最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别，因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变，在高考试题中，命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词，除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外，还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。

2. 与过去相反：过去完成时；

　　 How nice it is if I had past the test!

　　 How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!

1)是名词　　 seeing is believing

2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语　 starving troops is necessary.

一)动名词的形式:

一般形式：I don't like you smoking.　　　　

完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.

被动形式：This question is far from being settled.

二) 动名词常考的点

1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词

3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.

I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．

　A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling(Key：C your calling 也对)

I regret not having taken your advice.

4)有些词后只能接动名词

admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep;　 it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...

　另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：

it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...

5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可

remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。

I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)

I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)

forgot与remember的用法类似。

I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…

I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。

try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.

try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

prefer的用法：

我宁愿在这里等。

I prefer to wait here. (所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。)

I prefer waiting here.(我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。)

I prefer swimming to cycling. (这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。)

3 分词：

现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态

现在分词的形式:

1)一般式:　　 Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)? 　　　(与谓语动词同步发生)

2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)

3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)

过去分词

1)　　 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.

2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)

这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系--主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。

二：虚拟三：虚拟语气

情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/can't à should/shouldn't à might/may (not)

另外两个"类情态词的形式："need/needn't; have to/don't have to

v　　　 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态(不含时间只含状态)

本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。

这时"虚拟语气"的产生往往是因为我们要表达"本来应该……"(而现在却还没有……)

(本来可以……，本来能……)

I should go!　　 (… but I'm still here!)　　　　　　　　　　 (一般)

I should be working now!　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (进行)

I should have practiced more (than I did)!　　　　　　　　　　 (完成)

我应该多多练习！(言下之意，现在我练习得不多。)

I shouldn't dream away my time too much! 　　　　　　　　　 (完成的否定)

(actually I did dream away my time too much!)

It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time!　　　　 (完成进行)

I may/might/could have finished!　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (完成)

一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉

o　　　　 suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;

o　　　　 demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;

o　　　　 require, request;

o　　　　 think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.

由于他们的含义中包含"建议，假设，应该"这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。

这些动词(以及他们的名次形式，分词形式)引起的从句还有其他的变形：

主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

It's suggested that…

My suggestion is that…

The only suggestion that...

The only suggestion I can give you now is that…

一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况

　　　　　 important; necessary; essential

It's　　 natural ; strange; incredible　　　　　　 that

　　　　　 a pity; a shame; no wonder

Ø　　　 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should

v　　　 表达与事实相反

1. 与现在相反：使用[过去时]：

I wish I were not here!　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (一般现在à一般过去)

Suppose we were not here.

He loved me as if I were his own son.　　　 (一般现在à一般过去)

Hope I weren't always losing things!　　　　 (现在进行à过去进行)

If only/If I hadn't been there!　　　　　　　　 (现在完成à过去完成)

What if I hadn't been waiting right here!　 (现在完成进行à过去完成进行)

常考句型：It's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)…　

这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时。

He needs (a lot of) encouraging.

一)不定式的常考形式：

1)　　 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.

被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.

　　　　　 语法功能：　 表示与谓语动词同步发生

2)　　 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.

被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

　　　　　 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前

　 二)不定式常考的考点：

1)不定式做定语----将要发生

2)不定式做状语----目的

3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.

　 三)不定式的省略

　 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel

+ do　 表示动作的完整性，真实性；

+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

　I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

　昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)

　I saw him working in the garden yesterday.

　昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)

v　　　 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.

　2) 使役动词　 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to

I ‘d like to have John do it.

I have my package weighed.

Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.

　3) help　 help sb do　　 help sb to do　 help do　 help to do

四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：

want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect　 allow sb to do,　 cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do

force sb to do. be more likely to do　 love to do　 warn sb to do　 be able to do

be　 ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do

五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式

accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.

　现在分词的句法功能。 　1、作主语 　It's no use telling him that. 　Losing the ticket to the concert made him sad. 　2、作宾语 　I hate being spoken ill of. 　He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation. 　3、作表语 　Seeing is believing. 　The book is interesting. 　4、作宾语补足语 　I noticed him crossing the street. 　Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen. 　5、作定语 　Do you know the man writing a letter? 　The worker running a machine is my brother. 　6、作状语 　Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful. 　Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.

　分词使用中的几个问题 　1、现在分词的完成式 　Having cleaned the room, I went out. 　2、现在分词的否定式 　Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried. 　3、现在分词与过去分词的不同 　现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成 　I found the man killed there. 　I found the man standing there. 　4、have结构 　We have the car repaired. 　We have repaired the car. 　We have Tom repair the car. 　We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning. 　5、分词作表语 　We were excited at the news. 　The football game is exciting. 　6、独立主格结构 　It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.

(九)分词

　否定式 not +动名词 　2、 动名词的用法 　(1) 作主语 　Playing football is my favorite sport. 　Travelling with friends at weekend is fun. 　作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如： 　It is fun travelling with friends at weekend. 　(2) 作宾语 　I enjoy playing PC game. 　He gave up writing five years ago. 　(3) 作表语 　What he hated most was doing nothing. 　Seeing is believing. 　动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。 　(4) 作定语 　There's a dining room in my school. 　All the people watching laughed. 　(5) 动名词的复合结构"物主代词(或名词的所有格)+动名词"。如： 　Tom's going home late made her mother angry. 　Would you mind my opening the window? 　不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇有以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格(或人称代词的宾格)。 　①无生命名词 　The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing. 　Fire burns better by oxygen being at work. 　②有生命名词，但表泛指。 　Have you ever heard of girls smoking? 　③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。 　Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?

3．后面常接动名词的动词和短语 　mind enjoy finish consider practise imagine 　keep suggest advise allow permit 　be worth doing be used to doing be busy doing 　can't help doing it is no good doing it is no use doing 　look forward to doing stick to doing pay attention to doing 　devote to dong lead to doing