A

If you and your friends wish to share a secret, you can write it in code, and no one else will be able to read it. Codes are one way of writing in secret. Ciphers (密码) are another. In a code each word is written as a secret code word or code number. In a cipher each letter is changed.

Codes and ciphers have played an important role in the history of the world. Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler who defeated almost all the countries in Europe about 2, 000 years ago, used a cipher when he sent secret messages to his troops. During the American Revolution, George Washington's spies used a kind of code to send him information about the enemy before his military action. In World War Ⅱ, the Americans "broke", or figured out, Japan's most important naval codes and got enough information to destroy a powerful Japanese fleet(舰队).

Storekeepers use codes to mark their goods. The codes show how much was paid for the goods or when they were added to the stock. Businessmen use codes to hide plans from their business enemies. Sometimes personal letters or diaries are written in code. Many people enjoy figuring out codes and ciphers simply as a hobby.

In the 16th century, codes and ciphers were very popular among scientists. They wrote messages to each other in code so that no one else would learn their secrets. Geronimo Gardano, an Italian astrologer(占星家), mathematician, and doctor, invented the trellis cipher. He took two sheets of paper and cut exactly the same holes in each one. Then he sent one sheet, which he called a trellis, to a friend and kept the other for himself. Whenever he wanted to write a message, he put his trellis over a clean sheet of paper and wrote the secret message through the holes. Then he removed the trellis and filled the rest of the paper with words that would make sense. When his friend received it, he put his trellis over the writing and read the secret message.

What does the underlined word "trellis"mean?

A. A piece of paper with many small holes.          B. A machine with a lot of small holes.

C. A letter with unreadable words and sentences.   

D. A sheet of paper with groups of Arabic figures.

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Ciphers can be broken or figured out more easily than codes.

B. You could read some words in Geronimo' s letter without his trellis.

C. The first person who ever used a cipher in history was Julius Caesar.

D. Fondness of using codes was the hobby of the scientists in the 16th century.

The best title of this passage is________.

A. Codes and Ciphers                  B. Differences between Codes and Ciphers

C. History of Codes and Ciphers         D. Inventors of Codes and Ciphers

A．Importance of Transport in Trade

B．Birth of Transport-related Industries and Trade

C．Role of Transport in Trade Development

D．Another Means to Develop Trade

E．Higher Living Standard

F．Modern Life Needs Modern Traffics

1．

Transport is one of the aids to trade．By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to their value．The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade．When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale．

2．

The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade．Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand, for instance．Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the globe．Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes．Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes．Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance．

3．

Transport also prevents waste．Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns．Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally．Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year．Transport has raised the standard of living．

4．

By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before．Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another．The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried．Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living．

5．

Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information．Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world．In this way, advanced communication system also help to develop trade．

       A mysterious “black cloud” approaches the earth – our planet’s weather is severely affected.

       Throughout the rest of June and July temperatures rose steadily all over the Earth. In the British isles the temperature climbed through the eighties, into the nineties, and moved towards the hundred mark. People complained, but there was no serious disaster.

       The death number in the U. S. remained quite small, thanks largely to the air-conditioning units that had been fitted during previous years and months. Temperatures rose to the limit of human endurance throughout the whole country and people were obliged to remain indoors for weeks on end. Occasionally air-conditioning units failed and it was then that fatalities(不幸) occurred.

       Conditions were utterly desperate throughout the tropics (热带地区) as may be judged from the fact that 7943 species of plants and animals became totally extinct. The survival of Man himself was only possible because of the caves and cellars (地窖) he was able to dig. Nothing could be done to reduce the hot air temperature. More than seven hundred million persons are known to have lost their lives.

       Eventually the temperature of the surface waters of the sea rose, not so fast as the air temperature it is true, but fast enough to produce a dangerous increase of humidity (湿度). It was indeed this increase that produced the disastrous conditions just remarked. Millions of people between the latitudes of Cairo and the Cape of Good Hope were subjected to a choking atmosphere that grew damper and hotter from day to day. All human movement ceased. There was nothing to be done but to lie breathing quickly as a dog does in hot weather.

       By the fourth week of July conditions in the tropics lay balanced between life and total death. Then quite suddenly rain clouds appeared over the whole globe. The temperature declined a little, due no doubt to the clouds reflecting more of the Sun’s radiation back into space, But conditions could not be said to have improved. Warm rain fell everywhere, even as far north as Iceland. The insect population increased enormously, since the burning hot atmosphere was as favorable to them as it was unfavorable to Man and many other animals.

1．In the British Isles the temperature_________.

       A．stayed at eighty

       B．ranged from eighty to ninety

       C．approached one hundred

       D．exceeded the hundred mark

2．Few people in the United States lost their lives because_________.

       A．the temperature was tolerable

       B．people remained indoors for weeks

       C．the government had taken effective measures to reduce the hot temperature

       D．people were provided with the most comfortable air-conditioners

3．Millions of people in Cairo and the Cape of Good Hope were subjected to a choking atmosphere because_________.

       A．the temperature grew extremely hot

       B．the temperature became damper and hotter as the humidity of the surface waters of the sea increased

       C．their conditions were too dangerous

       D．nothing could be done with the hot temperature

4．By the fourth week of July conditions in the tropics were such that　

       A．human survival would be impossible

       B．more and more people would lose their lives

       C．fewer people could be saved

       D．survival or death was still undecided

                          

During the past few years, scientists in the world have suddenly found themselves productively engaged in task they once spent their lives avoiding – writing, and kind of writing, but particulary letter writing. Encouraged by electronic mail’s surprisingly high speed, convenience and economy, people who never before touched the stuff are regularly, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.

Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distant countries, shared data, bulletin boards and electronic journals. Anyone with a personal computer, a modern and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on. An estimated five million scientists have done so with more joining every day, most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known collectively as the Internet, or net.

E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, overnight mail, and of course, land mail. It shrinks time and distance between scientific collaborators, in part because it is conveniently asynchronous （writers can type while their colleagues across time zones sleep; their message will be waiting）. If it is not yet speeding discoveries, it is certainly accelerating communication.

Jeremy Bernstei, the physicist and science writer, once called E-mail the physicist’s umbilical cord （生命线）. Lately other people, too, have been discovering its connective virtues. Physicists are using it; college students are using it, everybody is using it, and as a sign that it has come of age, the New Yorker has celebrated its liberating presence with a cartoon—an appreciative dog seated at a keyboard, saying happily,  “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.”

1．The reasons given below about the popularity of E – mail can be found in the passage except           .

       A．direct and convenient                           B．time – saving in delivery

       C．money – saving                                   D．available around the clock

2．How is the Internet or net explained in the passage? _____

      A．Electronic routes used to fax or correspond overnight.

      B．Electronic routes used to read home and international journals.

      C．Electronic routes waiting for correspondence while one is sleeping.

      D．Electronic routes connected among millions of users, home and abroad.

3．Which statement is closest in meaning to the underlined sentence in the third paragraph?_____

       A．It shrinks time for communication and accelerates discoveries

       B．Although it does not speed up correspondence, it helps make discoveries.

       C．It quickens communication even if it does not accelerate discoveries.

       D．The quick speed of correspondence may have ill – effects on discoveries.

4．What will happen to fax, land mail, overnight mail, etc. according to the writer? _____

       A．They will co-exist with E-mail for a long time.

       B．Fewer and fewer people will use them.

       C．Their functions cannot be replaced by E-mail.

       D．They will play an additional function to E – mail.

During times of trouble, Franklin Delano Roosevelt spoke from a small room without a fireplace in the White House basement to millions of Americans. In his calm and conversational manner, he reassured（使......恢复信心）the nation in the depths of the Great Depression（大萧条）and through a World War.

Saul Bellow described his own experience of listening to President Roosevelt, hold the nation together, using only a radio and the power of his personality.

"I can recall walking eastward on the Chicago Midway... drivers had pulled over, parking bumper（保险杠） to bumper, and turned on their radios to hear Roosevelt. They had rolled down the windows and opened the car doors. Everywhere the same voice, its odd Eastern accent, which in anyone else would have angered Midwesterners. You could follow without missing a single word as you walked by. You felt you had joined to these unknown drivers, men and women..."

The nation needed the assurance of those Fireside Chats, the first of which was delivered on March 12, 1933. Between a quarter and a third of the work force was unemployed. Every bank in America had been closed for at least eight days. It's hard for us to imagine. It was the hardest time of the Great Depression.

The "Fireside" was symbolic（象征性的）; most of the chats came from a small room in the White House basement. Frances Perkins, Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor, described the change that would come over him just before the broadcasts: "His face would smile and light up as though he were actually sitting on the front porch（门廊）or in the parlor with them. People felt this, and came to respect and love him."

In that first radio visit, Roosevelt began by explaining how the banking system worked : "When you put money in a bank, the bank does not place the money into a safe-deposit vault（金库房）. It invests （投资）your money in many different forms." He went on to announce that the banks would reopen the next day.

71. The main purpose of the article is to ________ .

A. give examples of the power of radio broadcasting

B. make people examine their attitudes toward money

C. suggest that Roosevelt was America's greatest president

D. show how Roosevelt reassured American during hard times

72. According to the article, the Fireside Chats raised the hopes of Americans because President Roosevelt ________ .

A. spoke to them in a friendly and confident tone

B. explained to them how to invest their money

C. was open about his own fears for the country

D. used humor to draw their attention away from their problems

73. The name "Fireside Chats" was probably intended to ________ .

A. demand listeners to protect resources

B. encourage spirited discussion among listeners

C. request people to desire for hope and reassurance

D. persuade Americans to talk with their families

74. Saul Bellow's description of his own experience of listening to President Roosevelt shows ________ .

A. how popular and encouraging Roosevelt's Fireside Chats were

B. how easily Roosevelt's Fireside Chats could be understood

C. what great interest general public took in national affairs

D. what a hard life Americans had in Great Depression