The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.

For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms.

In the late 1940s the World Health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented (导向的) view of health. They stated that health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind / body / spirit) and not just in physical terms.

The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but also health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyle approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), it was of little benefit to people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or who had little control over the conditions of their daily life.

During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health.

At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:

Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension (尺度) of the quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986)

1.From the passage, we can infer that _________.

2.In the late 1940s, if you ___________, that meant you were healthy. 

3.        of society benefited most from the healthy lifestyle approach to health. 

4.The socio-ecological view of health includes the following broad areas EXCEPT ________.

5.This passage mainly tells us that                 .  

第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）

第一节：（共15小题：每小题2分，满分30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Heather Mills McCartney lives an admirable life, attending celebrity parties, meeting regularly with the rich and famous and doing meaningful work for charity．All who work with her admire and respect her．But Heather’s life hasn’t always been so easy．When Heather was only 9 years old, her mother abandoned her and her two brothers．At the age of 13, she ran away from home and ended up living on the streets in London．Eventually, however, her exceptional beauty led to a career in modeling．At that time, Heather also began helping with the war relief efforts in former Yugoslavia．Through her modeling and relief work, she soon became famous．

But in August 1993, at age 25 her life changed once again．She was crossing the street in London when a motorcycle crashed into her．She was so badly injured that the doctors had to cut off her left leg．After that, she discovered she frequently needed to change her artificial limbs(假肢)．It was expensive and she felt it was a waste to just throw away the old one．It occurred to her to set up an organization that could deliver used artificial limbs to Yugoslavia and other war-torn countries．It was through her charity work that she met her husband Paul McCartney．

Throughout her life, Heather has risen above problems and focused on helping others．Her work with artificial limbs even earned her a nomination（提名） for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1996．Heathe’s persistence and determination are what impresses anyone who knows her．Heather believes anyone can make a positive difference in the world．

36．This passage is mainly about _________．

A．Heather’s miserable life              B．Heather’s contribution to the world

C．Heather’s success in her work           D．Heather’s belief in life

37．Heather began her modeling career _________．

A．due to her mother’s encouragement

B．after her brothers abandoned her

C．because of her excellent intelligence and performances

D．because she was especially beautiful

38．Which of the following is Not true according to the passage?

A．Heather won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1996．

B．Heather began her charity work while working as a model．

C．Her artificial limbs had to be replaced continuously．

D．Heather has never been defeated by her problems．

39．From the passage we can infer that people admire and respect Heather because_________．

A．she had a lot of misfortunes during her childhood．

B．she was a world-famous model

C．she is determined and never gives in

D．she made a great difference in the world

Edward Wilson is America’s, if not the world’s, leading naturalist. In The Future of Life, he takes us on a tour of the world’s natural resources(资源). How are they used? What has been lost? What remains and is it able to continue with the present speed of use? Wilson also points out the need to understand fully the biodiversity(生物多样性)of our earth.
Wilson begins with an open letter to the pioneer in environment (环境) protection, Henry David Thoreau. He compares today’s Walden Pond with that of Thoreau’s day. Wilson will use such comparisons for the rest of the book. The problem is clear: man has done great damage to his home over the years. Can the earth, with human help, be made to return to biodiversity levels that will be able to support us in the future?
Biodiversity, Wilson argues, is the key to settling many problems the earth faces today. Even our agricultural crops can gain advantages from it. A mere hundred species(物种) are the basis of our food supply, of which but twenty carry the load. Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of, which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.
At the end of the book, Wilson discusses the importance of human values in considering the environment. If you are to continue to live on the earth, you may well read and act on the ideas in this book.

1. 1.

   We learn form the text that Wilson cares most about ______

   1. A.
      the environment for plants
   2. B.
      the biodiversity of our earth
   3. C.
      the wastes of natural resources
   4. D.
      the importance of human values
2. 2.

   How many species are most important to our present food supply?

   1. A.
      Twenty.
   2. B.
      Eighty.
   3. C.
      One hundred
   4. D.
      Ten thousand.
3. 3.

   Wilson suggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to _______.

   1. A.
      learn how to farm scientifically
   2. B.
      build homes for some dying species
   3. C.
      make it clear what to eat
   4. D.
      use more species for food
4. 4.

   We can infer that the text is _______

   1. A.
      a description of natural resources
   2. B.
      a research report
   3. C.
      a book review
   4. D.
      an introduction to a scientist.
5. 5.

   Edward Wilson is _______

   1. A.
      a pioneer in environment protection
   2. B.
      an American scientist in environment protection
   3. C.
      a world-famous scientist in Asia
   4. D.
      a well-known expert in nature in U.S.A

The English, as a race, are very different in many ways from all other nationalities, including their closest neighbors, the French, the Belgians and the Dutch. It is claimed that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it. Whatever the reasons are, it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed many attitudes and habits which distinguish him from other nationalities.

Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is fully relaxed only among people he knows well. In the presence of strangers or foreigners he often seems restrained, even embarrassed. You have only to witness a city train any morning or evening to see the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or having a light sleep in a corner, and no one speaks. In fact, to do so would seem most unusual. An Englishman, pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitors, once suggested, “On entering a railway carriage, shake hands with all the passengers.” Needless to say, he was not being serious. There is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, if broken, makes the person immediately suspected.

In many parts of the world it is quite normal to show openly extremes of enthusiasm, emotion, excitement, etc, often accompanied by appropriate gesture. The Englishman is somewhat different. Of course, an Englishman feels no less deeply than anyone of a different nationality, but he tends to display his feelings far less. This is reflected in his use of language. Imagine a man commenting on the great beauty of a young girl. A more emotional man might describe her state “Oh, she is a goddess”, whereas an Englishman might just say “Oh, she’s all right.” An Englishman who has seen a highly successful and enjoyable film recommends it to a friend by commenting, “It’s not bad you know”, or on seeing some very unusual scenery he might convey (表达) his pleasure by saying, “Nice, yes, very nice.” The overseas visitor must not be disappointed by this apparent lack of interest and involvement. Instead, he must realize that “all right,” “not bad,” and “nice,” very often have the sense of “first-class,” “excellent,” “beautiful”. This unique style of language use is particularly common in England, and is known as restrained statement.

1.According to the passage, the English are different from other nationalities in _______.

2.The underlined word “restrained” in the second paragraph probably means “        ”. 

3.In Britain, if you don’t want other people to think you are strange, you’d better _________. 

4.If an Englishman says “all right”, it may mean “________”.  

5.From the passage, we can infer that an Englishman _________.

I remember my math teacher Mr. Young very well. He stood out because the kids made fun of him. He was missing one of his fingers, and always pointed at students with his middle finger. w.w I was not very good at English and math. No matter how hard I tried, I just could not figure out why I did not understand what all the other kids found so easy to learn.

One day, I was told that if I got one more E on my report card, I would be taken to the “big prison for kids”.

 I tried really hard for weeks. I just couldn’t understand how to make different parts of numbers into whole things.

The day before report cards were to come out, I knew that Mr Young would give me an E, just like he always did.

I went to Mr. Young and told him that the orphanage (孤儿院) was going to send me to the big prison if I got another E on my report card. He told me there was nothing he could do; it would be unfair to the other kids if he gave me a better grade than I had actually earned. I smiled at him and said, “Mr. Young, do you know how the kids make fun of you because you’re missing your finger?”

He looked at me, moved his mouth to one side and said nothing.

“They shouldn’t do that to you because you can’t help not having a finger, Mr Young. Just like I can’t help not being able to learn numbers and stuff like that,” I said.

The next day, when I got my report card, I tucked it into one of my books. While on the school bus, I opened it: Geography, B+; Mechanical Drawing, C-; English, D-; History, C-; Gym, B+; Art, C; Math, D-.

That math grade was the most favorite one I ever received. Because I knew that someone in the world finally understood what it was like for me to be missing a finger inside my head.

1. From the second paragraph we can infer that the boy is ______ in some subjects.

A. mind-blowing          B. slow-witted             C. fun-loving       D. badly-behaved

2. Where may the boy live according to the passage?

A. In an orphanage.                                                            B. In a big prison.    

C. In the school dormitory.                                         D. In his home.

3. What grade should the boy have got in the math test this time?

A. D-.                             B. C.                    C. B+.             D. E.

4. The underlined word “tucked” in the passage most probably means “________”.

A. stuck                             B. listed              C. hid           D. copied

5. The reason why the boy remembers Mr Young is that _________.

A. he missed one of his fingers                    B. he treated his students very well

C. he understood the boy              D. he taught his students in a special way