In the earliest stages of man’s development he had no more need of money than animals have. He was content with very simple forms of shelter, made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him. As he became more civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands. For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths, leather workers or carpenters. It was then that the question of payment arose.

   At first he got what he wanted by a simple process of exchange. The smith who had not the time to look after land or cattle was glad to take meat or grain from the farmer in exchange for an axe or a plough (犁). But as more and more goods which had no fixed exchange value came on the market, exchange became too complicated to be satisfactory. Another problem arose when those who made things wanted to get stocks of wood or leather, or iron, but had nothing to offer in exchange until their finished goods were ready.

   Thus the difficulties of exchange led by degree to the invention of money. In some countries easily handled things like seeds or shells were given a certain value and farmer, instead of paying the smith for a new axe by giving him some meat or grain, gave him so many shells. If the smith had any shells left when he had bought his food, he could get stocks of the raw materials of his trade. In some countries quite large things such as cows or camels or even big flat stones were used for trade. Later, pieces of metal, bearing values according to the rarity (稀有) of the metal and the size of the pieces, or coins were used. Money as we know it had arrived.

What does the first paragraph mainly tell us?

A. Man needed little in the earliest stages of development.

B. Man preferred to make tools by himself.

C. How the simple process of exchange arose.

D. What the early man needed from others.

As men became more civilized they __________.

A. all learnt to make by themselves the things needed

B. had to travel a lot to look for what they wanted

C. wanted better things than those they themselves could provide

D. no longer provided food and clothing for themselves

Exchange of goods became difficult because __________.

A. man became more civilized

B. there was not a marketplace for farmers and smiths to exchange their goods

C. farmers hadn’t enough grain or meat to provide for skilled workers

D. more and more goods which had no fixed exchange values appeared on the market.

Money was not used until __________.

A. paper was invented

B. nothing could be offered in exchange

C. people practiced a simple process of exchange

D. the exchange of one thing for another became too complicated

What was used for trade according to the text?

A. Shells                        B. Tea                                C. Salt                           D. Horses

   In the earliest stages of man’s development he had no more need of money than animals have. He was content with very simple forms of shelter, made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him. As he became more civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands. For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths, leather workers or carpenters. It was then that the question of payment arose.

   At first he got what he wanted by a simple process of exchange. The smith who had not the time to look after land or cattle was glad to take meat or grain from the farmer in exchange for an axe or a plough (犁). But as more and more goods which had no fixed exchange value came on the market, exchange became too complicated to be satisfactory. Another problem arose when those who made things wanted to get stocks of wood or leather, or iron, but had nothing to offer in exchange until their finished goods were ready.

   Thus the difficulties of exchange led by degree to the invention of money. In some countries easily handled things like seeds or shells were given a certain value and farmer, instead of paying the smith for a new axe by giving him some meat or grain, gave him so many shells. If the smith had any shells left when he had bought his food, he could get stocks of the raw materials of his trade. In some countries quite large things such as cows or camels or even big flat stones were used for trade. Later, pieces of metal, bearing values according to the rarity (稀有) of the metal and the size of the pieces, or coins were used. Money as we know it had arrived.

What does the first paragraph mainly tell us?

A. Man needed little in the earliest stages of development.

B. Man preferred to make tools by himself.

C. How the simple process of exchange arose.

D. What the early man needed from others.

As men became more civilized they __________.

A. all learnt to make by themselves the things needed

B. had to travel a lot to look for what they wanted

C. wanted better things than those they themselves could provide

D. no longer provided food and clothing for themselves

Exchange of goods became difficult because __________.

A. man became more civilized

B. there was not a marketplace for farmers and smiths to exchange their goods

C. farmers hadn’t enough grain or meat to provide for skilled workers

D. more and more goods which had no fixed exchange values appeared on the market.

Money was not used until __________.

A. paper was invented

B. nothing could be offered in exchange

C. people practiced a simple process of exchange

D. the exchange of one thing for another became too complicated

What was used for trade according to the text?

A. Shells                        B. Tea                                C. Salt                           D. Horses

In the earliest stages of man’s development he had no more need of money than animals have．He was content with very simple forms of shelter, made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him．As he became more civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands．For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths, leather workers or carpenters．It was then that the question of payment arose．

At first he got what he wanted by a simple process of exchange．The smith who had not the time to look after land or cattle was glad to take meat or grain from the farmer in exchange for an axe or a plough．But as more and more goods which had no fixed exchange value came on the market, exchange became too complicated to be satisfactory．Another problem arose when those who made things wanted to get stocks of wood or leather, or iron, but had nothing to offer in exchange until their finished goods were ready．

　　Thus the difficulties of exchange led by degrees to the invention of money．In some countries easily handled things like seeds or shells were given a certain value and the farmer, instead of paying the smith for a new axe by giving him some meat or grain, gave him so many shells．If the smith had any shells left when he had bought his food, he could get stocks of the raw materials of his trade．In some countries quite large things such as cows or camels or even big flat stones were used for trade．Later, pieces of metal, bearing values according to the rarity of the metal and the size of the pieces, or coins were used．Money as we know it had arrived．

1．Exchange of goods became difficult because _________．

　　A．man became more civilized

　　B．smiths began to look after land or cattle in their spare time

　　C．more and more goods which had no fixed exchange values came to the market

　　D．farmers hadn’t enough grain or meat to provide for skilled workers

2．Money was not used until _______．

　　A．paper was invented

　　B．people practiced a simple process of exchange

　　C．nothing could be offered in exchange

　　D．the exchange of one thing for another became too complicated

3．The best title for this passage is _____．

       A．What is money                                B．What are money’s functions．

       C．The importance of money                     D．The beginning of money

As we know, the 2010 Word Cup _______ in South Africa on June 11, 2010.

A. takes place      B. took place         C. is taken place    D. was taken place

The medical reform in that country proved to be _____ failure, but as we know, success often comes after _____ failure.

A．a; the            B．a; /              C．a; a              D．/; /