Film cameras and digital cameras work in a similar way.

Film cameras

After all, a film camera is basically a light – proof (不透光的) box. It has a lens (镜头) system to focus light onto the film at the back of the camera.

Let’s suppose that we are outside on a beautiful summer day trying to take a picture of the family dog. We are using a film camera. We finally get the dog to lie still. You point the camera at him. What happens? Light goes into the camera lens and hits the shutter. In other words, nothing happens yet. Now let’s say that the dog looks really cute and you decide to snap a picture. What happens? When you press the button, the shutter opens for a very short period of time. A small amount of light passes through and hits the film at the back of the camera. This creates an upside-down and reversed (反向的)image on the film.

    When you finish the roll of the film, you can take it to the photo shop to develop it and you will have a great picture of your dog!

    Cameras come with different lens lengths. Why does it matter? Many small cameras have shorter focal lengths, which means that there is a small distance between the lens and the place where the light focuses at the back of the camera. This gives you a large view of the area you are taking a picture of. Lenses with a long focal length show a smaller area but allow you to focus on distant objects and make them bigger. They are often called telephoto lenses. A good example of a long focus lens is one that is used by sports photographers to get photos of football players as if they were standing right beside them.

Digital cameras

    In digital cameras, the light falls not on film but onto a sensor (传感器) called a CCD (Charge Coupled Device). This digitally converts(转变) light and color into a digital information or pixels (象素). The CCD is the heart of any digital camera and usually the most expensive part ---- depending on how good it is.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

       A．Both digital and film cameras focus light onto the film.

       B．All cameras have a sensor.

       C．Digital cameras and film cameras have something in common. .

       D．Small cameras usually have longer focal lengths.

In the “Film cameras” part, you fail to take the picture of the dog because _____.

       A．light goes into the camera lens and hits the shutter

       B．you haven’t aimed the camera at the dog

       C．the image of the dog is not created

       D．the sensor fails to convert light and color into a digital information

The main reason that sports photographers can get clear and big photos of players is that _ ___.

       A．they use digital cameras  B．the lens of their cameras is excellent

       C．their focus lenses are short      D．their focus lenses are long

Generally speaking, a digital camera’s price is ____.

       A．closely related to the quality of the CCD

       B．irrelevant to the quality of the CCD

       C．closely related to the lens

       D．irrelevant to the lens

Are you happy? Do you remember a time when you were happy? Are you seeking happiness today?

Many have sought a variety of sources for their feelings of happiness．Some have put their heart and efforts into their work．Too many have turned to drugs and alcohol．Meanwhile, untold numbers have looked for it in the possession of expensive cars, exotic（异国的）vacation homes and other popular “toys”. Most of their efforts have a root in one common fact: people are looking for a lasting source of happiness.

Unfortunately, I believe that happiness escapes from many people because they misunderstand the journey of finding it. I have heard many people say that, “I’ll be happy when I get my new promotion,” or “I’ll be happy when I lose that extra 20 pounds.” It is dangerous because it accepts that happiness is a “response” to having, being or doing something.

       In life, we all experience stimulus（激励） and response．Today, some people think that an expensive car is stimulus．Happiness is a response．A great paying job is stimulus．Happiness is a response．A loving relationship is stimulus．Happiness is a response．This belief leaves us thinking and feeling：“I’ll be happy when…”

It has been my finding that actually the opposite is true．I believe that happiness is a stimulus and response is what life brings to those who are truly happy．When we are happy, we tend to have more success in our work．When we are happy, people want to be around us and enjoy loving relationships．When we are happy, we more naturally take better care of our bodies and enjoy good health．Happiness is not a response but a stimulus．

Happiness is a conscious choice we make every day of our lives．For unknown reason to me, many choose to be painful, unsuccessful and angry most of the time．Happiness is not something that happens to us after we get something we want—we usually get things we want AFTER we choose to be happy．

61．From the second paragraph, we know too many people           .

         A．are not happy when they work hard

         B．are not happy when they drink or take drugs

         C．are happy when they possess their own expensive cars

         D．all desire exotic vacation homes

62．Generally speaking, most people feel happy because          .

         A．they think happiness is rooted in their deep heats

         B．they get what they want to have

         C．they get a great paying job

         D．they get an expensive car

63．Which f the following is right according to the author?

        A．If you want to get what you want, you first choose to be happy.

         B．We should try to get more and then we’ll be happy.

         C．Most people today are happy.

         D．Work is a necessary part in our daily life.

64．From the viewpoint of the author, happiness is        .

         A．based on our needs   B．unconditional

         C．out of reach                 D．linited 

Hiking is not only one of the best forms of physical exercise , but also one of the most forms of mental relaxation . It is good for all ages and is especially suitable as a family and group activity .

Since there are so many different kinds of hiking , it is not possible to give any general rules to follow . Short and frequent hikes , needing to planning or special equipment , are enjoyed by most people .

·Keep in shape by walking at a fast pace for at least 15 minutes every day . Climbing stairs instead of using a lift and running not far are also good ways of keeping in shape .

·On any hiking nothing is more important than good , comfortalbe shoes .

·The things you take might include matches in a water-proof box , a knife , compass , map , first aid items and flashlight .

·Cameras may be taken , but don’t load with too much .

·On longer hikes keep a comfortable , steady pace and take rest stops often .

·Drink only safe water . If in doubt , boil the water .

·Don’t go along the busy roads . When you have to use a road , keep as far over on the left as possible .

·Leave word at home or some other place as to where you are going and when you plan to return .

·On almost any hike , a map is a good idea . If going into a strange place , a detailed map is most helpful .

·Take along a field guide on flowers , birds , rocks , or other subjects depending upon your interests . This can add greatly to the enjoyment and educational value of your hike .

1. The anthor feels that the most essential thing on a hike is__________.

A. a new map                      B. a set of outdoor tools 

C. a pair of good shoes               D. only safe water

2. The author thinks that hiking is especially valuable for_________.

A. single person                    B. families

C. old people                       D. everyone

3. Generally speaking , hiking is_________.

A. a relaxing form of exercise         

B. a dangerous activity for old people

C. not as popular as it was once        

D. a good way of keeping in shape

4. The author mostly talks about__________.

A. general rules for hiking in mountainous areas

B. steps to be taken against dangerous animals

C. general things that should be paid attention to in hiking

D. all the things needed in hiking

5. The author suggests_________.

A. leaving cameras at home

B. drinking water from streams only

C. carrying more clothes

D. keeping away from heavy traffic

As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex.
Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is responsible for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department(人事部) is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to adopt a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a method of job evaluation(估价) and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be successful, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers.
In job evaluation, all the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of those requirements is given a value, usually in “points”, which are added together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their ability to solve problems.
Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without reference to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should compare the value of each job with those in the job market. It should also consider economic factors such as the cost of living and the labor supply.
It is necessary that payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simply to measure the work done, as in the work done with the hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen; for indirect workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.

1. 1.

   If a firm wants to establish a new pay structure, it is necessary to get the agreement between________.

   1. A.
      the Trade Unions and the Personnel Department
   2. B.
      the Personnel Department and the Accounts Department
   3. C.
      the employees and the Trade Unions.
   4. D.
      the employers and the Trade Unions
2. 2.

   What does the words “monetary encouragement schemes” in the last paragraph imply?

   1. A.
      They are plans in which much payment is encouraged.
   2. B.
      They are encouraging money schedules
   3. C.
      They are pay systems
   4. D.
      They are pay systems to encourage workers in that the more work is done, the more money will be paid.
3. 3.

   Methods of additional payments are adopted for indirect workers because________.

   1. A.
      their work is not important
   2. B.
      they have low wages
   3. C.
      the measurement of their work is difficult
   4. D.
      the company does not have enough money
4. 4.

   Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?

   1. A.
      In every company only the Accounts Department takes charge of the management of wages and salaries.
   2. B.
      Management work and the job done by workers can use the same evaluation system.
   3. C.
      If a job is done differently, the payment for the job should be different too.
   4. D.
      An evaluation system based on points is usually used to evaluate management work.
5. 5.

   The main purpose of the passage is to________.

   1. A.
      explain the responsibilities of both the Accounts Department and the Personnel Department.
   2. B.
      explain not to evaluate the performance of a job by points
   3. C.
      tell readers how a company should adopt a new payment system
   4. D.
      convince(使确信) readers that management work is more difficult to evaluate than the work done by workers

（2003年上海卷，39）Generally speaking ,        according to the directions , the drug has no side effect .

A．when taking               B．when taken        C．when to take         D．when to be taken