In a new study, 186 four-year-old kids were given regular carrots and, on other lunch days, they were given the same vegetables renamed X-ray Vision Carrots. On the latter days, they ate nearly twice as many.

The study suggests the influence of these names might persist. Children continued to eat about 50 percent more carrots even on the days when they were no longer labeled as anything special.

The research, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, was presented at the annual meeting of the School Nutrition Association in Washington, D.C..

“Cool names can make for cool foods,” said the lead author Brian Wansink of Cornell University. “Whether it be ‘power peas’ or ‘dinosaur broccoli trees’, giving a food a fun name makes kids think it will be more fun to eat. And it seems to keep working — even the next day,” Wansink said.

Similar results have been found with adults. A restaurant study showed that when the Seafood Filet was changed to Romantic Hawaii, sales increased 28 percent and taste rating increased by 12 percent. “Same food, but different expectations, and a different experience,” said Wansink, author of “Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think.”

The study was conducted in pre-schools, but the researchers believe the same naming tricks can work with children at home.

“I’ve been using this with my kids,” said researcher Collin Payne, “Whatever sparks(激发) their imagination seems to spark their appetite.”

Those four-year-old kids ate ________ when the carrots were renamed X-ray Vision Carrots.

A. twice more carrots                         B. nearly double carrots

     C. about 50 percent more carrots          D. as many carrots as they used to

According to the passage, _______ make(s) kids think it will be more fun to eat.

     A. power peas                                    B. dinosaur broccoli trees     

C. fun names of food                          D. cool foods 

The restaurant study didn’t show that ________.

     A. sales increased 28 percent when the name Romantic Hawaii was taken

B. taste rating increased by 12 percent after the Seafood Filet was renamed

C. same food would let people have a different experience with different names

D. the researchers got similar results when they work with children at home

The purpose of the passage is to tell us ________.

     A. people prefer food with cool names

     B. how to name the food which kids eat

     C. how to help kids eat in a healthy way

     D. kids often imagine when they eat food

Getting kids to share their toys is a never-ending battle, and forcing them to do so never seems to help. New research suggests that allowing children to make a choice to sacrifice their own toys in order to share with someone else makes them share more in the future. The new findings are published in Psychological Science.

These experiments were conducted by psychological scientists, Nadia Chernyak and Tamar Kushnir of Cornell University. They found that sharing things with others when they are given a difficult choice leads children to think of themselves as people who like to share. It also makes them more likely to act in a pro-social （亲社会的）manner in the future.

Previous research has explained why rewarding children for sharing can backfire. Children come to think of themselves as people who don't like to share since they had to be rewarded for doing so. Because they don't view themselves as "sharers", they are less likely to share in the future.

Chernyak and Kushnir were interested in finding out whether freely chosen sacrifice might have the opposite effect on kids' willingness to share. To test this, the researchers introduced five-year-old children to Doggie, a sad puppet. Some of the children were given a difficult choice: Share a precious sticker（贴纸） with Doggie, or keep it for themselves. Other children were given an easy choice between sharing and putting the sticker away, while children in a third group were required by the researcher to share.

Later on, all the children were introduced to Ellie, another sad puppet. They were given the option of how many stickers to share (up to three). The kids who earlier made the difficult choice to help Doggie shared more stickers with Ellie. The children who were initially faced with an easy choice or who were required to give their sticker to Doggie, on the other hand, shared fewer stickers with Ellie. Therefore, children did not benefit from simply giving something up, but rather from willingly choosing to give something up of value.

“You might imagine that making difficult, costly choices is demanding for young children or even that once children share, they don’t feel the need to do so again,” Chernyak says. “But this wasn't the case: once children made a difficult decision to give up something for someone else, they were more generous, not less, later on.” Chernyak concludes.

1._______ helps children to share more in the future.

A. Rewarding children for sharing                      

B. Forcing children to share

C. Allowing children to share precious things willingly

D. Allowing children to share what they don’t need

2.The underlined word “backfire” means _______.

A. have an opposite effect                                              B. serve as a push

C. cause anger                                                                   D. avoid taking things back

3.Those who were required to share give fewer stickers to Ellie because _______.

A. they regret what they did                                           B. it’s not their own choice        

C. Ellie is not as sad as Doggie                                D. they like to share with a real person

4.We can conclude from the passage that _______.

A. parents will never find a way to get children to share toys

B. a gift should be given to make up for children’s sacrifice

C. children pretend to be generous when they are being observed

D. making difficult choices may influence sharing behavior

第二卷 ( 共三部分，满分35 )

第四部分  单词拼写 (共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)

 71. The scientist o__________ the mice carefully after they were given the drug.

72. Many volcanoes have been dead for not having e__________during the past several hundred years.

73. The medical team c_________ of twenty doctors and nurses received a warm welcome in that country.

74. A red sky at night i_________ fine weather the following day.

75. Prices are different d_________ on the area you choose.

76. Unemployment is one of the major problems of __________(现代的) times.

77. Walking in the open air, I felt the wind __________(轻拂着) against my face.

78. We should develop our students’ ability of __________(结合) theory with practice.

79. Parents’ words and deeds have a great impact on the _______(形成) of children’s character.

80. The area is being _________(推广) as a tourist destination.

第二卷 ( 共三部分，满分35 )

第四部分  单词拼写 (共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)

 71. The scientist o__________ the mice carefully after they were given the drug.

72. Many volcanoes have been dead for not having e__________during the past several hundred years.

73. The medical team c_________ of twenty doctors and nurses received a warm welcome in that country.

74. A red sky at night i_________ fine weather the following day.

75. Prices are different d_________ on the area you choose.

76. Unemployment is one of the major problems of __________(现代的) times.

77. Walking in the open air, I felt the wind __________(轻拂着) against my face.

78. We should develop our students’ ability of __________(结合) theory with practice.

79. Parents’ words and deeds have a great impact on the _______(形成) of children’s character.

80. The area is being _________(推广) as a tourist destination.