Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea”. Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few .

　　 For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状 ) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. 

　　 It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深 ) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. 

　　 The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.

　　Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition, which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.

　68. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.

　A) for oceanographic studies

　B) for military purposes

 C) for business considerations

　D) for investigating the depths of the oceans

69. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.

　A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans

　B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals

　C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made

　D) to measure the depths of two oceans

70. 'Defied' in the 4th paragraph probably means ________

　A)   doubted        B)  gave proof to

　C)   challenged     D)  agreed to

71. This passage is mainly about _________

　A) the beginnings of oceanography

　B) the laying of the first undersea cable

C) the investigation of ocean depths

　D) the early intercontinental communications

Mouth bacteria grow fast in airless conditions. Oxygen rich saliva(唾液) keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfur(硫) producing bacteria gains the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.

　　Alcohol drinking, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise, anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though it’s not understood why. Some people’s breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.

　 Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.

　 For most of us, the simple, dry mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath.

　 Those with constant dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.

Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad breath smell with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is, they don’t necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus (粘液). If the mouthwash contains alcohol—as most do—it can worsen the problem by drying out the mouth.

72. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?

A. Tooth trouble.　　 　B. Sulfur rich food.　　

C. Too much exercise.　　　　　 D. Mental pressure.

73. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because ____.

A. it keeps offending bacteria from reproducing　　 B. its smell adds to bad breath

C. it kills some helpful bacteria　　　　　　　　　 D. it affects the normal flow of saliva

74. Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because ________.

A. they can’t mask the bad odor long enough

B. they can’t get to all the offending bacteria

C. their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worse

D. they can’t cover the thick layers of mucus

75. We can infer from this passage that ________.

A. offensive breath can’t easily be cured　　　

B. elderly people are less offended by bad breath

C. heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breath　

D. offensive breath is less affected by alcohol

Raising pets is not a new thing in China , but recently it has taken on a new meaning .

As a famous Chinese saying goes, pursuit of petty (小的，不重要的) pleasures weakens one’s will to make progress . The saying has been so popular that even today many people still consider raising pets as a hobby of the idle .

Things have changed much recently and now raising pets has become a popular pastime , resulting in a successful pet care industry .

Pet food is sold in almost all supermarkets and many special stores for pet needs have been set up .

Animal hospitals provide various medical services for sick dogs and cats , and pet exchange fairs are held regularly .

At the China International Pet Show which took place recently in Beijing , more than 100 factories from across the country exhibited their products . Thousands of dealers and pet owners went to the show.

“People’s swollen pockets make it possible for many to raise pets , a hobby that used to be enjoyed only by the wealthy ,” said Wang Wei , who works with the National Kennel Association of China .

Wang Yuyan , vice president of the Small Animals Protection Association , agreed , “ In many films and novels , having a pet is used as a symbol of wealth . That’s not a complete picture . ” Wang added that pets are friends in a real sense of the word , not just playthings . “ Anyone with a loving nature can raise pets . ”

Still the high cost of keeping a pet is something many people have to think about .

“I like dogs and cats , but I have neither time nor money to raise them , ”said Li Jun , in her 40’s , a civil servant from Beijing .

The cost of raising a dog is high in Beijing , where registration (登记) is a must for all dogs and costs 5,000 yuan for each animal . In addition , pet owners must pay for regular injection of vaccines (疫苗). Most of all , dog food is quite expensive .

Unlike his mother , Li Jun’s 10-year-old son, Li Qiyu, dreams of the day he will have his own pet . “I hope I can have a dog in my house , ” he said .

1.Things have changed much recently , because ___________ .

A．people have all become kind-hearted	B．small animals have no places to live in
C．people’s living conditions are improving	D．more and more people are out of work

2. In big cities in China today , raising pets ________ .

A．has changed people’s life	B．has destroyed some families
C．has met much difficulty	D．has brought much business for some people

3.According to Wang Yuyan’s opinion , raising pets _________ .

A．is a necessary job for us all	B．is harmless for most people
C．should be a hobby of the rich	D．will make the poor happy

 

Below is a selection about Guinness（吉尼斯） World Records.
Top 6 Unusual Guinness World Records
? Fastest 100 m running on all fours
The 2008 Guinness World Records Day was, according to CWR, their biggest day of record-breaking ever, I- h more than 290.000 people taking put in record attempts in 15 different countries. Kenichi Ito's record attempt was port of this special day. He is just another example of Japanese with "super powers". His "super power" is to run with great speed on all fours. Kenichi Ito ran 100 m on all fours in 18.58 seconds. The Japanese set this record at Setagaya Kuritsu Sogo Undojyo, Tokyo, in 2008.
? Most people inside a soap bubble
The Discovery Science Center in Santa Ana, Califomia celebrated this year the 15th anniversary of the Bubble (泡泡) Festival. A bubble's math principles and science were presented and demonstrated at the three-week-long exhibition. The intriguing Bubble Show was also part of the program. Fan Yang and Deni Yang impressed the audience with their awesome skills for bubble making. The Yang family cooperated with the Discovery Science Center to set a new Guinness World Record for mow people inside a scup bubble and they succeeded.
The family that has been working with soap bubbles for 27 years created a huge soap bubble and got 118 people inside it. The record was set or. April 4, 2011.
? Longest ears on a dog
A bloodhound from Illinois has the longest ears ever measured a dog. The right ear is 13.75 inches long and the left one 13.5 inches. The dog named Tigger earned this title in 2004 and is owned by Christina and Bryan Flessner.
Mr. Jeffries is the previous record holder of this title. Each of his ears measured approximately 11. 5 inches long. His grandfather used to hold this amazing world record, but when he died Mr.Jeffries look over.
? Most living generations
Did you ever wonder what is the Guinness World Record for most living generation in one family? Seven is the answer.
The ultimate authority on record-breaking mentions on the website that the youngest great-great- great-great grandparent of this family was Augusta Bung "aged 109 years 97 days, followed by her daughter aged 89, her granddaughter aged 70, her great grand-daughter aged 52, her great-great grand-daughter aged 33 and her great-great-great granddaughter aged 15 on the birth of her great-great-great-great grandson on January 21, 1989".
? Most T shirts worn at once
Believe it or not, there is a record also for this category. Krunoslav Budiseli set a new world record on May 22,       2010 for wearing 245 T-shirts at the same time. The nun from Croatia was officially recognized as the new record bolder by Guinness World Records after he managed to put on 245 different T-shirts in 1ess than two hours. . The T-shirts weighted 68 KG and Budiseli said he began struggling around T-shirt No. 120. He dethroned the Swedish Guinness record holder who wore 238 T-shirts.
?Heaviest pumpkin
Guinness World Records confirmed on October 9. 2010 that a gigantic pumpkin （南瓜） grown in Wisconcin was officially the world’s heaviest. It weighed 1,810 pounds 8 ounces and was unveiled by Chris Stevens at the Stillwater Harvest Festival in Minnesota. Stevens' pumpkin was 85 pounds Javier than the previous re I, another huge pumpkin grown in Ohio. The proud farmer said his secret is a precise of rain, cow mature, good soil, sea grass and fish emulsion. Some of the world's heaviest pumpkins, including the record bolder, were on public display at the Bronx Botanical Gardens in New Yost for a dozen days.
【小题1】Why is Kenichi Ito described «s a man with a "super power"?

A．He set a good example to all Japanese.

B．He made record attempts in 15 different countries.

C．He set a new record for "Fastest 100 m running on all fours".

D．He participated in the 2008 Guinness World Records Day activities.

【小题2】Jeffries is the name of    .

A．the owner of the dog with the longest ears

B．the grandfather of the dog with the longest care

C．the present holder of the record for "Longest care on a dog"

D．the former holder of the record for " longest care on a dog'

【小题3】How many T-shirts had Krunoslav Budiseli put on before he felt it difficult to go on?

A．68.

B．120.

C．238.

D．245.

【小题4】According to the given information. which Guinness World Record was most recently set?

A．The record for "Most people inside a soup bubble".

B．The record for "Most living generations'".

C．The record for "Most T-shirts worn at once".

D．The record for " Heaviest pumpkin".

Below is a selection about Guinness（吉尼斯） World Records.

Top 6 Unusual Guinness World Records ?Fastest 100 m running on all fours The 2008 Guinness World Records Day was, according to GWR, their biggest day of record-breaking ever, with more than 290,000 people taking part in record attempts （尝试） in 15 different countries. Kenichi Ito’s record attempt was part of this special day. He is just another example of Japanese with “super powers”. His “super power” is to run with great speed on all fours. Kenichi Ito ran 100 m on all fours in 18.58 seconds. The Japanese set this record at Setagaya Kuritsu Sogo Undojyo, Tokyo, in 2008. ?Most people inside a soap bubble The Discovery Science Center in Santa Ana, California celebrated this year the 15th anniversary of the Bubble （泡泡） Festival. A bubble’s math principles and science were presented and demonstrated （演示，证明） at the three-week-long exhibition. The intriguing Bubble Show was also part of the program. Fan Yang and Deni Yang impressed the audience with their wonderful skills for bubble making. The Yang family cooperated with the Discovery Science Center to set a new Guinness World Record for most people inside a soap bubble and they succeeded. The family that has been working with soap bubbles for 27 years created a huge soap bubble and got 118 people inside it. The record was set on April 4, 2011. ?Longest ears on a dog A bloodhound （寻血猎犬） from Illinois has the longest ears ever measured on a dog. The right ear is 13.75 inches long and the left one 13.5 inches. The dog named Tigger earned this title in 2004 and is owned by Christina and Bryan Flessner. Mr. Jeffries is the previous record holder of this title. Each of his ears measured approximately 11.5 inches long. His grandfather used to hold this amazing world record, but when he died Mr. Jeffries took over. ?Most living generations Did you ever wonder what is the Guinness World Record for most living generations in one family? Seven is the answer. The ultimate authority on record-breaking mentions on the website that the youngest great-great-great-great grandparent of this family was Augusta Bung “aged 109 years 97 days, followed by her daughter aged 89, her granddaughter aged 70, her great grand-daughter aged 52, her great-great grand-daughter aged 33 and her great-great-great granddaughter aged 15 on the birth of her great-great-great-great grandson on January 21, 1989” ?Most T-shirts worn at once Believe it or not, there is a record also for this category. Krunoslav Budiseli set a new world record on May 22, 2010 for wearing 245 T-shirts at the same time. The man from Croatia was officially recognized as the new record holder by Guinness World Records after he managed to put on 245 different T-shirts in less than two hours. The T-shirts weighed 68 kg and Budiseli said he began struggling around T-shirt No. 120. He dethroned （罢黜） the Swedish Guinness record holder who wore 238 T-shirts. ? Heaviest pumpkin Guinness World Records confirmed on October 9, 2010 that a gigantic pumpkin （南瓜） grown in Wisconsin was officially the world’s heaviest. It weighed 1,810 pounds 8 ounces and was unveiled by Chris Stevens at the Stillwater Harvest Festival in Minnesota. Stevens’ pumpkin was 85 pounds heavier than the previous record, another huge pumpkin grown in Ohio. The proud farmer said his secret is a precise mixture of rain, cow waste, good soil, sea grass and fish emulsion（乳状液）. Some of the world’s heaviest pumpkins, including the record holder, were on public display at the Bronx Botanical Gardens in New York for a dozen days.

63．Why is Kenichi Ito described as a man with a “super power”?A．He set a new record for “Fastest 100 m running on all fours”.B．He set a good example to all Japanese.C．He made record attempts in 15 different countries.D．He took part in the 2008 Guinness World Records Day activities.64．Jeffries is the name of ____________.A．the owner of the dog with the longest earsB．the former holder of the record for “Longest ears on a dog”C．the present holder of the record for “Longest ears on a dog”D．the grandfather of the dog with the longest ears65．How many T-shirts had Krunoslav Budiseli put on before he felt it difficult to go on?A．245. 　　　　　　　　　　 B．238. 　　　　　　　　　　 C．120.　 　　　　　　　　 D．68.66．According to the given information, which Guinness World Record was most recently set?A．The record for “Most people inside a soup bubble”.B．The record for “Most living generations”.C．The record for “Most T-shirts worn at once”.D．The record for “Heaviest pumpkin”.