Culture means any human behavior that is learned in human society. All of the meaningful parts of a culture are passed on to different generations through tradition or social learning.  【小题1】  Culture exists in agricultural as well as industrialized societies.
Culture is necessary for the survival and existence of human beings as human beings. Practically everything humans know, think, value, feel, and do is learned through taking part in a sociocultural system.  【小题2】  Here is one of the cases of children growing up apart from human society. In the province of Midnapore in India, the director of a children’s home was told by local villagers that there were “ghost” in the forest. Upon looking into the case, the director found that two children, one about eight years old and the other about six years old, appeared to have been living a pack of wolves in the forest.  【小题3】   In his diary, the director describes his first view of Kamala (as the older child was named) and Amala ( the name given to the younger child):
Kamala was a terrible-looking being, the head, a big ball of something covering the shoulders.  【小题4】   Their eyes were bright and sharp, unlike human eyes. They were very fond of raw meat and raw milk. Gradually, as they got stronger, they began going on all fours, and afterwards began to run on all fours, just like squirrels.
Children learn human language in the same way they learn other kinds of human behavior——by taking part in a cultural community.   【小题5】 

Culture means any human behavior that is learned in human society. All of the meaningful parts of a culture are passed on to different generations through tradition or social learning. From this view point, all human groups have a culture. Culture exists in agricultural as well as industrialized societies.

Culture is necessary for the survival and existence of human beings as human beings. Practically everything humans know, think, value, feel, and do is learned through taking part in a socio-cultural system. This statement is well supported by some well-written cases. Here is one of the cases of children growing up apart from human society. In the province of Kidnaper in India, the director of a children’s home was told by local villagers that there were “ghost（鬼）” in the forest. Upon looking into the case, the director found that two children, one about eight years old and the other about six years old, appeared to have been living with a pack of wolves in the forest. These children were the ghosts described by the local people. In his diary, the director describes his first view of Kamala(as the older child was named) and Amala(the name given to the younger child).

Kamala was a terrible-looking being—the head, a big ball of something covering the shoulders. Close at its heels there came another terrible creature exactly like the first, but smaller in size. Their eyes were very bright and sharp, unlike human eyes. They were very fond of raw meat and raw milk. Gradually, as they got stronger, they began going on all fours, and afterwards began to run on all fours like squirrels. Children learn human language in the same way they learn other kinds of human behavior by taking part in a cultural community. They learn a certain human language as well as certain kinds of human behavior through their membership in a certain cultural community.

1. From the passage we can learn that               .

A. human beings can develop human abilities only if they are raised by their biological parents

B. Amala and Kamala were raised in forest by ghosts

C. human beings will not grow up human unless they are raised by human beings in human culture

D. culture refers only to the high art and classical music of a particular society

2. Who were the “ghosts” of the Kidnapper forest seen by the local villagers?

A. They were two children Amala and Kamala, who ran on fours.

B. They were two squirrels, Amala and Kamala, who ran on fours.

C. They were two young wolves, Amala and Kamala, whose eyes were bright and sharp.

D. They were two children, Amala and Kamala, who were growing up in a children’s home.

3. How would you understand the description by the director “they began going on all fours,” in his

diary?

A. They began to continue with all their four eyes.

B. They started walking with their four feet.

C. They began going with their four hands.

D. They started walking with both their hands and feet.

4. Which of the following do you think is the best title to this passage?

A. Wolf-children                                   B. Culture and Human Behavior

C. Culture and Language Learning              D. A director’s Diary

Culture means any human behavior that is learned in human society. All of the meaningful parts of a culture are passed on to different generations through tradition or social learning. From this view point, all human groups have a culture. Culture exists in agricultural as well as industrialized societies.
Culture is necessary for the survival and existence of human beings as human beings. Practically everything humans know, think, value, feel, and do is learned through taking part in a socio-cultural system. This statement is well supported by some well-written cases. Here is one of the cases of children growing up apart from human society. In the province of Kidnaper in India, the director of a children’s home was told by local villagers that there were “ghost（鬼）” in the forest. Upon looking into the case, the director found that two children, one about eight years old and the other about six years old, appeared to have been living with a pack of wolves in the forest. These children were the ghosts described by the local people. In his diary, the director describes his first view of Kamala(as the older child was named) and Amala(the name given to the younger child).
Kamala was a terrible-looking being—the head, a big ball of something covering the shoulders. Close at its heels there came another terrible creature exactly like the first, but smaller in size. Their eyes were very bright and sharp, unlike human eyes. They were very fond of raw meat and raw milk. Gradually, as they got stronger, they began going on all fours, and afterwards began to run on all fours like squirrels. Children learn human language in the same way they learn other kinds of human behavior by taking part in a cultural community. They learn a certain human language as well as certain kinds of human behavior through their membership in a certain cultural community.
1. From the passage we can learn that               .
A. human beings can develop human abilities only if they are raised by their biological parents
B. Amala and Kamala were raised in forest by ghosts
C. human beings will not grow up human unless they are raised by human beings in human culture
D. culture refers only to the high art and classical music of a particular society
2. Who were the “ghosts” of the Kidnapper forest seen by the local villagers?
A. They were two children Amala and Kamala, who ran on fours.
B. They were two squirrels, Amala and Kamala, who ran on fours.
C. They were two young wolves, Amala and Kamala, whose eyes were bright and sharp.
D. They were two children, Amala and Kamala, who were growing up in a children’s home.
3. How would you understand the description by the director “they began going on all fours,” in his
diary?
A. They began to continue with all their four eyes.
B. They started walking with their four feet.
C. They began going with their four hands.
D. They started walking with both their hands and feet.
4. Which of the following do you think is the best title to this passage?
A. Wolf-children                                   B. Culture and Human Behavior
C. Culture and Language Learning              D. A director’s Diary

Culture means any human behavior that is learned in human society. All of the meaningful parts of a culture are passed on to different generations through tradition or social learning.  1.  Culture exists in agricultural as well as industrialized societies.

Culture is necessary for the survival and existence of human beings as human beings. Practically everything humans know, think, value, feel, and do is learned through taking part in a sociocultural system.  2.  Here is one of the cases of children growing up apart from human society. In the province of Midnapore in India, the director of a children’s home was told by local villagers that there were “ghost” in the forest. Upon looking into the case, the director found that two children, one about eight years old and the other about six years old, appeared to have been living a pack of wolves in the forest.  3.   In his diary, the director describes his first view of Kamala (as the older child was named) and Amala ( the name given to the younger child):

Kamala was a terrible-looking being, the head, a big ball of something covering the shoulders.  4.   Their eyes were bright and sharp, unlike human eyes. They were very fond of raw meat and raw milk. Gradually, as they got stronger, they began going on all fours, and afterwards began to run on all fours, just like squirrels.

Children learn human language in the same way they learn other kinds of human behavior——by taking part in a cultural community.   5. 

A．From this viewpoint, all human groups have a culture.

B．Close at its heels there came another terrible creature exactly like the first, but smaller in size.

C．Human beings can only develop human abilities by the local people.

D．This statement is well supported by some well-written cases.

E. These children were the ghosts described by the local people.

F. Culture refers only to the high art and classical music of a particular society.

G. They learn a certain human languages as well as certain kinds of human behavior through their membership in a certain cultural community.

阅读理解

阅读下列短文，掌握其大意，然后从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中选出最佳选项。

　　When your parents advise you to“get an education”in order to raise your income, they tell you only half the truth. What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide manpower for your society, but not so much that you prove an embarrassment to your society.

　　Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you will be occupationally dead unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison, and you can successfully drop out in grade school.

　　Get a college degree, if possible. With a B. A., you are on the launching pad (火箭发射台). But now you have to start to put on the brakes. If you go for a master's degree, make sure it is an MBA, which is to bring you returns.

　　Do you know, for example, that truck drivers earn more per year than full professor? Yes, the average 1977 salary for those truckers was $24,000, while the full professors managed to earn just $23,030.

　　A Ph. D. is the highest degree you can get. Except for a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry where the degree can quickly be turned to industrial or commercial purposes, if you seek such a degree in any other field, you will face a dim future. There are more Ph.D. s unemployed or underemployed in this country than any other part of the world.

　　If you become a doctor of philosophy in English or history or political science or languages or worst of all--in philosophy, you run the risk of becoming overeducated for our national demands. Not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands.

　　Thousands of Ph. D. s are selling shoes, driving cars, waiting on table, and endlessly filling out applications month after month. They may also take a job in some high school or backwater(穷乡僻壤的) college that pays much less than the doorkeeper earns.

　　You can consider the level of income to be equal to the level of education only so far. Far enough, that is, to make you useful to the gross national product (GNP), but not so far that nobody can turn much of a profit on you.

1．According to the writer, what the society expects of education is to turn out people who _____.

[　　]

A．will not be a disgrace to society

B．will become loyal citizens

C．can take care of themselves

D．can meet the nation's demands as a source of manpower

2．Many Ph.D. s are out of job because _____.

[　　]

A．they are improperly educated

B．they are of little commercial value to their society

C．there are fewer jobs in high schools

D．they prefer easier jobs that make more money

3．Which of the following is NOT true?

[　　]

A．Bernard Shaw didn't finish high schools, nor did Edison.

B．One must think carefully before pursuing a master degree.

C．The higher your education level is, the more money you will earn.

D．If you are too well-educated, you may be overeducated for society's demands.

4．The nation is only interested in people _____.

[　　]

A．with diplomas

B．who specialize in physics and chemistry

C．who are valuable to the gross national product

D．who have got doctor's degree