When we think of leadership, we often think of strength and power. But what are these really, and how do they operate?

Leadership today is not about forcing others to do things. If this is even possible, it is short-term, and tends to backfire. If you order someone to do something against their will, they may do it because they feel they must, but the anger they feel will do more harm in the long-term.

Meanwhile, they will also experience fear. Fear causes the thinking brain to shut down, making the person unable to function at his or her best. If they associate you with this emotion of fear, they will become less functional around you, and you will have succeeded in making a very good employee or partner unable to perform effectively.

The way we influence people in a lasting way is by our own character, and our understanding and use of emotion. We can order someone to do something, which may be part of the work day; or we can employ them at the emotional level, so they become fully devoted to the projects and provide some of their own motivation. Today’s work place is all about relationships. Anyone works harder in a positive environment where he is recognized and valued. Everyone produces just a bit more for someone they like. Leaders understand the way things work. They know the pay check is not the single most motivating factor in the work life of most people.

The true strength of leadership is an inner strength that comes from the confidence of emotional intelligence — knowing your own emotions, and how to handle them, and those of others. Developing your emotional intelligence is the single best thing you can do if you want to develop your relationships with people around you, which is the key to the leadership skills.

1.When will an employee have a feeling of anger in the work place? (Within 7 words)

   ____________________________________________________________________

2.If an employee fears his boss, what will his performance be like? (Within 2 words)

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3.How can a leader make his employees work harder? (Within 12 words)

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4.What does the word “those” refer to in the last paragraph? (Within 4 words)

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5.What is the key to developing a leader’s relationships with his employees? (Within 4 words)

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Many people think of dirt as being dirty! Parents often tell their children not to play in dirt or to get it on their clothes. And there are reasons for that—soil often contains things like bacteria (细菌), parasites (寄生虫) and pollutants that can make people sick. With so many risks, it is no surprise that many people find geophagy—the eating of earth or soil-unacceptable.

Yet, geophagy is actually a common practice in many parts of the world. Since people tend to be very selective about which soil they eat, the practice has also created an industry. In Nigeria, the village of Uzalla processes over 500 tons of soil a year for sale and consumption in markets hundreds of kilometers away. Geophagy also has a long history in the U.S., where some eat soil and ship packages of it to relatives far from home. Soil is also sold as a nutritional supplement, similar to vitamins, in some parts of Asia.

The fact that the eating of soil is also widespread in the animal kingdom suggests that geophagy may even be a natural process.

Some soils are surprisingly rich in nutrients such as iron and copper. People can often get more of these nutrients from geophagy than from taking vitamins. This may be why the eating of soil is often most common among pregnant women and nursing mothers who use soil for certain nutrients they need.

Unfortunately, geophagy is also practiced to avoid hunger when other food is scarce. In poor countries, food can become so expensive that people substitute soil for flour or rice. This is a serious social problem because soil can’t provide a balanced diet though it is rich in nutrients.

56. Why do people think dirt is dirty? (No more than 10 words)

57. What led to the development of geophagy industry? (No more than 15 words)

58. Where does the eating of soil seem like a natural process? (No more than 5 words)

59. What does the underlined word “substitute” in the last paragraph mean? (No more than 1 word)

60. Do you think soil can take the place of food? Why? (No more than 25 words)

People believes that climbing can do good to health. Where can you learn the skill of climbing then? If you think that you have to go to the mountains to learn how to climb, you’re wrong. Many Americans are learning to climb in city gyms(体育馆). Here, people are learning on  climbing. The climbing wall goes straight up and small holding places for hands and feet.
How do people climb the wall? To climb, you need special shoes and harness(保护带) around your chest to hold you. There are ropes(绳索)tied to your harness. The ropes hold you in place so that you don’t fall. A beginner’s wall is usually about 15 feet high, and you climb straight up. There are small pieces of metal that stick out for you to stand on and hold on to. Sometimes it’s easy to see the new piece of metal. Sometimes, it’s not. The most difficult is your fear. It’s normal for humans to be afraid of falling, so it’s difficult not to feel fear. But when you move away from the wall, the harness and the ropes hold you, and you begin to feel safe. You move slowly until you reach the top.
Climbing attracts people because it’s good exercise for almost everyone. You use your whole body, especially your arms and legs. This sport gives your body a complete workout. When you climb, both your mind and your body can become stronger.
【小题1】What can we infer from the passage?

People believes that climbing can do good to health. Where can you learn the skill of climbing then? If you think that you have to go to the mountains to learn how to climb, you’re wrong. Many Americans are learning to climb in city gyms(体育馆). Here, people are learning on  climbing. The climbing wall goes straight up and small holding places for hands and feet.

How do people climb the wall? To climb, you need special shoes and harness(保护带) around your chest to hold you. There are ropes(绳索)tied to your harness. The ropes hold you in place so that you don’t fall. A beginner’s wall is usually about 15 feet high, and you climb straight up. There are small pieces of metal that stick out for you to stand on and hold on to. Sometimes it’s easy to see the new piece of metal. Sometimes, it’s not. The most difficult is your fear. It’s normal for humans to be afraid of falling, so it’s difficult not to feel fear. But when you move away from the wall, the harness and the ropes hold you, and you begin to feel safe. You move slowly until you reach the top.

Climbing attracts people because it’s good exercise for almost everyone. You use your whole body, especially your arms and legs. This sport gives your body a complete workout. When you climb, both your mind and your body can become stronger.

1.What can we infer from the passage?

2.The most difficult thing to do in wall climbing is _______.

3.The word “workout” underlined in the last paragraph most probably means _________.

4.Why does the author write this passage?