A study led by Professor Mark Weiser of Tel Aviv University and the Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer Hospital has determined that young men who smoke are likely to have lower IQs than their non-smoking peers (同龄人). Tracking 18-to 21-year-old men enlisted in the Israeli army in the largest ever study of its kind, he has been able to demonstrate an important connection between the number of cigarettes young males smoke and their IQ.
The average IQ for a non-smoker was about 101, while the smokers’ average was more than seven IQ points lower, at about 94, the study determined. The IQs of young men who smoked more than a pack a day were lower still, at about 90. An IQ score in a healthy population of such young men, with no mental disorders(心理疾病), falls within the range of 84 to 116.
An addiction that doesn’t discriminate(歧视)
“In the health profession, we’ve generally thought that smokers are most likely the kind of people who have grown up in difficult neighborhoods, or who’ve been given less education at good schools,” says Weiser, whose study was reported in a recent version of the journal, Addiction, “But because our study included subjects with various socio-economic backgrounds, we’ve been able to rule out socio-economics as a major factor. The government might want to rethink how it arranges its educational resources on smoking.
Making the results more significant, the study also measured effects in twin brothers. In the case where one twin smoked, the non-smoking twin registered a higher IQ on average.
Although a lower IQ may suggest a greater risk for smoking addiction, the representing data on IQ and smoking found that most of the smokers investigated in the study had IQs within the average range, nevertheless.
In the study, researchers took data from more than 20,000 men before, during and after their time in the military. All men in the study were considered in good health, since pre-screening(筛选的)measures for suitability in the army had already been taken. The researchers found that around 28 percent of their samples smoked one or more cigarettes a day, 3 percent considered themselves ex-smokers, and 68 percent said they never smoked.
“People on the lower end of the average IQ tend to display poorer overall decision-making skills when it comes to their health,” says Weiser. He adds that his finding can help address serious concern among heath counsellors at grade and high schools.
【小题1】The study led by Professor Mark Weiser shows that            .

A study led by Professor Mark Weiser of Tel Aviv University and the Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer Hospital has determined that young men who smoke are likely to have lower IQs than their non-smoking peers (同龄人). Tracking 18-to 21-year-old men enlisted in the Israeli army in the largest ever study of its kind, he has been able to demonstrate an important connection between the number of cigarettes young males smoke and their IQ.

The average IQ for a non-smoker was about 101, while the smokers’ average was more than seven IQ points lower, at about 94, the study determined. The IQs of young men who smoked more than a pack a day were lower still, at about 90. An IQ score in a healthy population of such young men, with no mental disorders(心理疾病), falls within the range of 84 to 116.

An addiction that doesn’t discriminate(歧视)

“In the health profession, we’ve generally thought that smokers are most likely the kind of people who have grown up in difficult neighborhoods, or who’ve been given less education at good schools,” says Weiser, whose study was reported in a recent version of the journal, Addiction, “But because our study included subjects with various socio-economic backgrounds, we’ve been able to rule out socio-economics as a major factor. The government might want to rethink how it arranges its educational resources on smoking.

Making the results more significant, the study also measured effects in twin brothers. In the case where one twin smoked, the non-smoking twin registered a higher IQ on average.

Although a lower IQ may suggest a greater risk for smoking addiction, the representing data on IQ and smoking found that most of the smokers investigated in the study had IQs within the average range, nevertheless.

In the study, researchers took data from more than 20,000 men before, during and after their time in the military. All men in the study were considered in good health, since pre-screening(筛选的)measures for suitability in the army had already been taken. The researchers found that around 28 percent of their samples smoked one or more cigarettes a day, 3 percent considered themselves ex-smokers, and 68 percent said they never smoked.

“People on the lower end of the average IQ tend to display poorer overall decision-making skills when it comes to their health,” says Weiser. He adds that his finding can help address serious concern among heath counsellors at grade and high schools.

1.The study led by Professor Mark Weiser shows that            .

2.According to the passage, a smoking man’s IQ is most likely to be            .

3.What can be learned from the passage?

4.What is the meaning of the underlined part “An addiction that doesn’t discriminate”?

When she returned home after a year in South America, Judith Martin, a North American writer, began to have a problem. People kept interpreting her behavior as aggressive, but that was not right. Fairly soon she figured out what was happening.

When most South Americans talk to each other face-to-face, they stand closer together than North Americans do. Martin had not readjusted to North American distances. Apparently, she had forgotten about the phenomenon known as personal space --- the amount of physical distance people expect during social interaction. Everyone has expectations concerning the use of personal space, but accepted distances for that space are determined by each person’s culture.

Observations about personal space began about twenty years ago. Anthropologist Edward T. Hall was a pioneer in the field. He became very interested in how interpersonal distances affected communication between people. In his book The Hidden Dimension, Hall coined (invented) the word “proxemics” to describe people’s use of space as a means of communication. As Hall’s book title indicates, most people are unconscious that interpersonal distances exist.

Personal space depends on invisible boundaries. Those boundaries move with people as they interact. Personal space gets larger or smaller depending on the circumstances of the social interaction at any moment. People do not like anyone to trespass (侵犯) on their personal space. As Cooper explains, invasions of personal space bring about negative reactions.

Researchers working with Hall’s data found that accepted interpersonal distances in the United States also depend on other factors. For example, subcultures help determine expectations

concerning personal space. Fisher, Bell, and Baum report that groups of Hispanic-Americans

generally interact more closely within their subculture than Anglo-Americans do within theirs. They further explain that in general subcultural groups tend to interact at closer distances with members of their own subculture than with nonmembers.

Age also affects how people use personal space. Cooper reports that North American children

seem unaware of boundaries for personal space until the age of four or five. As the children get older

they become more aware of standards for personal space. By the time they reach puberty (青春期), they have completely adapted to their culture’s standards for interpersonal distances.

Gender (性别) also influences people’s use of personal space. For example, North American males’ most negative reaction is reserved for anyone who enters their personal space directly in front of them. Females, on the other hand, feel most negative about approaches from the side. Also, females have smaller interpersonal distances than males do, although pairs of the same sex communicate across larger spaces than do pairs of males and females. The gender factor changes, however, in high-density situations such as crowded subways or elevators in the United States. As Maines observes, when people have some choice about where they stand or sit in crowded settings, they choose people of the same sex.

As international travel and commerce increase, intercultural contact is becoming commonplace. Soon, perhaps, cultural differences in expectations for personal space will be as familiar to everyone as are cultural differences in food and dress. Until then, people need to make a special effort to learn one another’s expectations concerning personal space. Once people are sensitive to such matters, they will not go either away from or toward a person from another culture.

50. Judith Martin’s experience tells that interpersonal distance in social interaction is determined by _________.

A. personal preference　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　 B. cultural background

C. social awareness D. geographical features

51. According to Hall, ________.　

A. people are unaware that personal space contributes to communication

B. personal space in social interaction is used quite regularly

C. people show not enough interest in learning about interpersonal distances

D. he shared the idea that personal space affects communication

52. Which of the following can be implied from the first four paragraphs?

A. Judith Martin went to South America to explore about personal space.

B. Being unaware of interpersonal distance may lead to discomfort.

C. Nobody has ever noticed the existence of personal space decades.

D. People don’t like those who are trying to keep distance in communication.

53. We can infer that accepted interpersonal distance in the US is better shown among ________.

A. subcultural groups　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B. age groups

C. racial groups D. gender groups

54. By “they will not go either away from or toward a person from another culture”, the writer means __________.

A. people try their best to avoid embarrassment by knowing more about culture

B. People are always afraid that they might take a wrong step when talking

C. people can keep appropriate personal distance in communication

D. people will choose to approach the right person to ask about the culture thing

You can not blame TV stations because they need to make money from advertisements _________ programs.

A．inside and out of                                     B．before and after

C．during and between                                   D．within and among

HIV/AIDS is an important health issue in children and adolescents(青少年). Since the first clinical evidence of AIDS was reported two decades ago, HIV/AIDS has spread to every corner of the world.

Children and young people are at the center of the epidemic(流行病).

According to estimates by UNAIDS and WHO, more than four million children under the age of 15 have been infected with HIV since the epidemic began. More than 90% of them were infants born to HIV-positive mothers who acquired the virus before or during birth or through breastfeeding. Because HIV infection often progresses quickly to AIDS in children, most of the children under 15 who have been infected have developed AIDS, and most of these children have died. Another 13 million children have lost their mother or both parents to the disease.

An estimated 10.3 million young people aged 15～24 are living with HIV/AIDS, and half of all new infections―over, 7,000 daily―are occurring among young people. Young people are vulnerable(易受攻击的)to HIV because of risky sexual behaviour, substance use and their lack of access to HIV information and prevention services. Many young people do not believe that HIV is a threat to them, and many others do not know how to protect themselves from HIV.

Today, HIV/AIDS is still spreading rapidly. The epidemic is reversing (使倒退)development gains, robbing millions of people of their lives, widening the gap between rich and poor, and destroying young people’s opportunities for healthy adult lives.

Within the WHO Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAH), HIV/AIDS work is taking place in the following areas:

Preventing the transmission of HIV infection in babies;

Improving care and management of children with symptomatic HIV infection;

Preventing and treating adolescents with HIV/ADIS.

65、When was the first case of AIDS reported?

A．Ten years ago.                      B．Twenty years ago.

C．Thirty years ago.                         D．Fifty years ago.

66、How many AIDS patients are under 24 in the world?

    A．4 million.         B．13 million.        C．10.3 million.            D．14.3 million.

67、Which of the following is NOT the result of AIDS in children and adolescents?

A．Gaining weight.

B．Losing life.

C．Widening the gap between rich and poor.

D．Destroying young people’s opportunities for healthy adult lives.

68、What will the WHO Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development

(CAH), HIV/AIDS do?

A．Prevent the transmission of HIV infection in babies.

B．Improve care and management of children with symptomatic HIV infection.

C．Prevent and treating adolescents with HIV/AIDS.

D．All of the above.