阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　Not all decisions are alike．Nor is every decision made in the same manner．Although some actions you undertake obtain their basis from newly made decisions, there are other instances when decision making does not really take place．The latter, according to Deacon and Firebaugh, may involve routine, programmed, impulsive or intuitive action．When you wake up in the morning and prepare to attend class do you consciously make decisions about such things as which side of your hair to comb first, how to brush your teeth, or which shoe to put on first? Probably not．Although you may have made a conscious decision about what you were going to wear to class, you probably didn't spend any time in making a decision about how to get ready to attend class．Every individual has certain habits or routine behaviors．Although they originated from decisions made at an earlier time in your life, you no longer consciously make there decisions each time you undertake this type of action．

　　Routine plans or actions serve a useful propose in your daily life and management．How long would it take you to get up, get ready, and walk to class if you had to make separate decisions for each action you take? You use routine plans or actions as resources to make new decisions．

　　In addition to the habitual behaviors or routines you follow, you also have certain specific actions you undertake in a given situation．There are called programmed decisions．Programmed decisions are different from routines．Routine plans or actions are patterns of behavioral actions repeatedly undertaken on a consistent and regular basis．Programmed decisions, on the other hand, use your past experience in a similar situation．For instance, you know you are going to have a test．Your method of studying for this test will be done using your knowledge of a similar experience．The degree of success previously achieved will be a determinant in how, when, where, and the length of time you study for this test．

　　Programmed decisions, like routines, are a resource in your management．When the action undertaken proves to be successful you repeat the same action the next time a similar situation occurs．This successful achievement, measured by the satisfaction you received, determines when and the extent to which you modify the original decision before employing it again in other like situations．

　　Both routine and programmed decisions serve useful purposes．They act as resources by eliminating the need to make new decisions．They also evaluate managerial action．The success you achieve enables you to by－pass or minimize the use of the decision－making process．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。

　　Whether we’re 2 years old or 62, our reasons for lying are mostly the same：to get out of trouble, for personal gain and to make ourselves look better in the eyes of others．But a growing body of research is raising questions about how a child's lie is different from an adult's lie, and how the way we deceive changes as we grow．

　　“Parents and teachers who catch their children lying should not be alarmed．Their children are not going to turn out to be abnormal liars, ” says Dr．Lee, a professor at the University of Toronto and director of the Institute of Child Study．He has spent the last 15 years studying how lying changes as kids get older, why some people lie more than others as well as which factors can reduce lying．The fact that children tell lies is a sign that they have reached a new developmental stage．Dr．Lee conducted a series of studies in which they bring children into a lab with hidden cameras．Children and young adults aged 2 to 17 are likely to lie while being told not to look at a toy, which is put behind the child's back．Whether or not the child takes a secret look is caught on tape．

　　For young kids, the desire to cheat is big and 90％ take a secret look in these experiments．When the test-giver returns to the room, the child is asked if he or she looked secretly．At age 2, about a quarter of children will lie and say they didn't．By 3, half of kids will lie, and by 4, that figure is 90％, studies show．

　　Researchers have found that it's kids with better understanding abilities who lie more．That's because to lie you also have to keep the truth in mind, which includes many brain processes, such as combining several sources of information and faking that information．The ability to lie-and lie successfully-is thought to be related to development of brain regions that allow so called “executive functioning”, or higher order thinking and reasoning abilities．Kids who perform better on tests that involve executive functioning also lie more．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　Whether we’re 2 years old or 62, our reasons for lying are mostly the same：to get out of trouble, for personal gain and to make ourselves look better in the eyes of others．But a growing body of research is raising questions about how a child's lie is different from an adult's lie, and how the way we deceive changes as we grow．

　　“Parents and teachers who catch their children lying should not be alarmed．Their children are not going to turn out to be abnormal liars, ” says Dr．Lee, a professor at the University of Toronto and director of the Institute of Child Study．He has spent the last 15 years studying how lying changes as kids get older, why some people lie more than others as well as which factors can reduce lying．The fact that children tell lies is a sign that they have reached a new developmental stage．Dr．Lee conducted a series of studies in which they bring children into a lab with hidden cameras．Children and young adults aged 2 to 17 are likely to lie while being told not to look at a toy, which is put behind the child's back．Whether or not the child takes a secret look is caught on tape．

　　For young kids, the desire to cheat is big and 90％ take a secret look in these experiments．When the test-giver returns to the room, the child is asked if he or she looked secretly．At age 2, about a quarter of children will lie and say they didn't．By 3, half of kids will lie, and by 4, that figure is 90％, studies show．

　　Researchers have found that it's kids with better understanding abilities who lie more．That's because to lie you also have to keep the truth in mind, which includes many brain processes, such as combining several sources of information and faking that information．The ability to lie-and lie successfully-is thought to be related to development of brain regions that allow so called “executive functioning”, or higher order thinking and reasoning abilities．Kids who perform better on tests that involve executive functioning also lie more．

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