Happiness and sadness are states of being states of being that define the way we view the world. It is often said that some people by nature have a sunny character. Now scientists may have discovered why.

Some people may be hard-wired for happiness, while others are genetically negative, as

scientists have suggested in a study published in late February, in a British journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

Earlier research had already established that the gene known as 5-HTTLPR plays a key role in

determining how the neurotransmitter (神经传递素) serotonin (血清素) works within the brain. Serotonin, a hormone (荷尔蒙), passes chemical messages between nerve cells. It has been closely linked to mood. Several anti-depressant (抗抑郁) drugs regulate serotonin levels. Scientists had also identified three variants of the gene. Two so-called "short" variants were linked to a higher risk of depression and suicide attempts. Unlike the two "short" variants, the "long" variant of 5-HTTLPR showed a clear dislike of negative images, such as fierce animals, and a clear liking for positive ones, such as flowers.

Researchers from the University of Essex in Britain, led by Elaine Fox, showed participants a

series of images. The images were divided into three kinds: negative ones aimed at inspiring fear or stress such as a spider or person about to commit suicide, pleasant ones and neutral ones.

“The participants who had the long variant of the 5-HTTLPR gene showed a clear dislike of negative material alongside a careful attention for positive material,” the researchers found. They paid close attention to the pretty pictures, and ignored the frightening ones. On the other hand, the short variant groups had the opposite reaction.

In January, the Australian government organized "happiness workshops", teaching government

staff how to be happy. The department that held the "happiness workshops" said unhappy staff weren't productive staff. Australian political opposition parties have argued that the "happiness workshops" are probably a waste of money and couldn't increase productivity as intended. However, whether the workshop will have a happy or disappointing result, we will have to wait and see.

67．Form the third paragraph, we know that          .

       A．affected by 5-HTTLPR, the neurotransmitter serotonin works within the blood

       B．there are 5 variants of 5-HTTLPR genes which control people’s moods

       C．how the neurotransmitter serotonin works is greatly determined by 5-HTTLPR

       D．5-HTTLPR receives chemical messages from verve cells

68．What does “It” in the sentence “It has been closely linked to mood.” in the 3rd paragraph refer to?

       A．Serotonin.       B．A nerve cell.    C．5-HTTLPR.      D．The brain.

69．If a person had the long variant of 5-HTTLPR, he or she would probably          .

       A．like the images of spiders       B．prefer the images of crocodiles

       C．enjoy an image of green tress  D．suffer from depression very often

70．What can we infer from the passage?

       A．People’s moods can change a little bit under the influence of certain drugs.

       B．Researchers showed participants of the research two kinds of images.

       C．A person possesses one long and one short variant of 5-HTTLPR at the same time.

       D．The author firmly believes that “happiness workshops” will not change people’s moods.

The global financial crisis is likely to cause increased mental health problems as people struggle to deal with poverty and unemployment, the World Health Organization warned Thursday．

Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are already affected by mental problems such as depression and bipolar disorders （带躁狂的抑郁症） and the current market meltdown （崩溃） could worsen feelings of despair among people who can't stand such illnesses．

The United Nations agency said the impact(冲击) could be especially marked for those living in low and middle income countries where access to treatment is often limited．

"We should not be surprised at the turbulence （动荡） and likely consequences of the current financial crisis．Now we are seeing a huge gap in taking care of people in great need," WHO director general Margaret Chan told at a meeting of mental health experts．

"It should not come as a surprise that we continue to see more stresses, suicides and mental disorders," Chan warned．

Benedetto Saraceno, director of WHO's mental health, said mental health disorders affected one in four people at some point in their lives．

Mental and neurological（精神的） disorders are often chronic （慢性） and disabling, he said．Nearly 1 million people commit suicide worldwide every year, a large part of them are young adults．

Asked about the financial crisis, Saraceno said, "Poverty can be the consequence of such events, the debts, despair and sense of loss that may reach middle and lower classes．Even the poor can be affected by this crisis．"

"There is clear evidence that suicide is linked to financial disasters．I am not talking about the millionaire's jumping out of the window but about poor people," he said．The global crisis could be expected to affect the "stability of communities and families", according to Saraceno．

According to the passage, the chief result of the worldwide financial crisis is that         ．

       A．more people will be poorer  B．more people will be out of jobs

       C．more people will suffer from mental problems

       D．more people will commit suicide

The United Nations agency worried that               ．

       A．more rich people would commit suicide

       B．the financial crisis might especially influence developing or underdeveloped countries

       C．the current market meltdown could worsen feelings of despair

       D．hundreds of millions of people in the world were already affected by mental problems

It can be inferred that               ． 

       A．far more work should be done to help those who are mentally ill

       B．it will be surprising to see more people commit suicide

       C．a mental disorder is a chronic disease

       D．many more young adults commit suicide worldwide than people of other ages

The best title for the passage is               ． 

       A．Global Financial Crisis．

       B．Mental Disorders Resulting From Global Financial Crisis．

       C．Suicides as a Result of Market Meltdown．

       D．Chronic Mental Disorders．

“Everybody in this city wants a car, and I’m no exception. A car brings with it the freedom to travel”, said a friend of mine while reading a car magazine. I might not agree with him, but no doubt he was speaking for a rapidly growing number of middle-class Chinese. While it is true that all the waiting, walking, being part of a crowd, and sweating, are somewhat unpleasant, there are many problems which can arise when our lives rely too much on this invention.

First of all, in terms of polluting the environment, driving a car is the worst act an average person can commit. Beijing now finds itself at the top of the list of the most polluted capital cities in the world with Mexico City in the second place. Research also shows that by 2010 around 90% of total pollutants in Shanghai have come from cars. These pollutions are extremely dangerous to our health. They can damage the lungs, cause cancer, and damage the brain.

Apart from environmental problems, relying too much on cars also creates social problems such as traffic jams, road accidents, and noise pollution. The jeeps that proudly drive through the Hutongs in Beijing as if they are in a race often annoy me, and to make it worse, these drivers seldom respect cyclists.

Of course, we cannot forget the convenience that cars bring us when we need to travel far, but I often find it faster to cycle from one place to another within the city of Beijing, especially with the growing traffic jams.

Since people travel further and more frequently than before, cars will certainly be important in the future. At the same time, however, let us work hard to make sure that this invention brings us a more convenient lifestyle rather than trouble and disease. Let us make good use of cars.

1.What is this passage mainly about?

   A. Environmental problems.

   B. Traffic jams in Beijing.

   C. Problems brought about by cars.

   D. Benefits of using cars.

2. The underlined word commit in Paragraph 2 has the close meaning as ____ .

   A. do something right or legal

   B. do something wrong or illegal

   C. do something good and meaningful

   D. do something bad and meaningless

3.What do we know about the author?

   A. The author doesn’t want a car.

   B. The author agrees that a car offers freedom to travel.

   C. The author suggests that we should rely on bicycles.

   D. The author thinks that the invention of cars leads to many problems.

4.In Paragraph 3, what does the author mean by saying “The jeeps… often annoy me”?

   A. The author is troubled by the way jeeps are driven in the Hutongs of Beijing.

   B. The author thinks that Hutongs are too narrow for jeeps to drive through.

   C. The author thinks that the jeeps are too noisy.

   D. The author is worried that more accidents are caused by jeeps than any other cars.

5.What is the author’s idea in Paragraphs 4 and 5 ?

   A. Cars are only convenient for people traveling far.

   B. We should all give up cars and ride bicycles.

   C. Cars have brought us more convenience than troubles.

   D. We should choose between the car and the bicycle according to the situation.

New crime prediction software should reduce not only the murder rate, but the rate of other crimes. Developed by Richard Berk, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, the software has already used in Baltimore and Philadelphia to predict which individuals on probation(缓刑) or parole(假释) are most likely to murder and to be murdered.

????? “When a person goes on probation or parole he is supervised(监督) by an officer. The question is ‘what level of supervision is appropriate?’” said Berk. It used to be that parole officers used the person’s criminal record, and their judgment to make decisions.

??? “This research replaces those seat-of-the –pants calculations,” he said.

??? Technology helps determine level of supervision. On average there is one murder for every 100,000 people. Even among high-risk groups the murder rate is one in 100. Predicting such a rare event is very difficult, but advances in computer technology works.

?? Years ago, the researchers made a dataset of more than 60,000 various crimes. Using the software they developed, they found some much more likely to commit murder when paroled or probated. They could identify eight future murderers out of 100.

??? Berk’s software examines roughly two dozen variables(可变因素), from criminal record to geographic location. The type of crimes, and more importantly, the age at which that crime was committed, were two of the most predictive variables.

???? “People assume that if someone murdered then they will murder in the future,” said Berk. “ What really matters is what that person did as a young individual. Predicting future crimes sounds well. But we aren’t anywhere near being able to do that.”

???? “Berk’s scientific answer leaves policymakers with difficult questions. By labeling one group of people as high risk, and supervise them closely, there should be fewer murders, which the potential victims should be happy about. It also means that those high-risk individuals will be supervised more aggressively. For human rights advocates, that means punishing people who, most likely, will not commit a crime in the future,” said Bushway. “It comes down to a question of whether you would rather make these errors or those errors.”

1.The underlined words(in Para.3) probably mean___.?

A. calculations based on subjective opinions?????

B. calculations based on widespread voting

C. calculations made by advanced technology????

D. calculations based on serious considering

2.For 650 people with crime records, how many potential murderers would the software find?

A. 6.5.?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? B. 13.??????? ????????????? ????????????? C. 52.??? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? D. 65.

3.From Para 7, we can infer that______.

A. the technology developed by Richard Berk will soon be widely used in the US

B. the technology would not be widely accepted in the short term

C. whether a person murders or not largely decided by his upbringing while young

D. if a person murdered when he was fifty, he is sure to murder again while on probation

4.Bushway’s attitude to the technology put forward by Richard Berk is ____.

A. positive???? ????????????? ????????????? B. negative?? ????????????? ????????????? C. objective??? ????????????? ????????????? D. indifferent

5.Which would be the best title for the passage?

A. Closely Supervise Potential Murders?????????

B. Measures Taken to Prevent Criminal Behavior

C. Technology Revolutionizes Judges’ Way of Working????

D. Software is Developed to Predict Criminal Behavior

Happiness and sadness are states of being states of being that define the way we view the world. It is often said that some people by nature have a sunny character. Now scientists may have discovered why.

Some people may be hard-wired for happiness, while others are genetically negative, as

scientists have suggested in a study published in late February, in a British journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

Earlier research had already established that the gene known as 5-HTTLPR plays a key role in

determining how the neurotransmitter (神经传递素) serotonin (血清素) works within the brain. Serotonin, a hormone (荷尔蒙), passes chemical messages between nerve cells. It has been closely linked to mood. Several anti-depressant (抗抑郁) drugs regulate serotonin levels. Scientists had also identified three variants of the gene. Two so-called "short" variants were linked to a higher risk of depression and suicide attempts. Unlike the two "short" variants, the "long" variant of 5-HTTLPR showed a clear dislike of negative images, such as fierce animals, and a clear liking for positive ones, such as flowers.

Researchers from the University of Essex in Britain, led by Elaine Fox, showed participants a

series of images. The images were divided into three kinds: negative ones aimed at inspiring fear or stress such as a spider or person about to commit suicide, pleasant ones and neutral ones.

“The participants who had the long variant of the 5-HTTLPR gene showed a clear dislike of negative material alongside a careful attention for positive material,” the researchers found. They paid close attention to the pretty pictures, and ignored the frightening ones. On the other hand, the short variant groups had the opposite reaction.

In January, the Australian government organized "happiness workshops", teaching government

staff how to be happy. The department that held the "happiness workshops" said unhappy staff weren't productive staff. Australian political opposition parties have argued that the "happiness workshops" are probably a waste of money and couldn't increase productivity as intended. However, whether the workshop will have a happy or disappointing result, we will have to wait and see.

67．Form the third paragraph, we know that         .

A．affected by 5-HTTLPR, the neurotransmitter serotonin works within the blood

B．there are 5 variants of 5-HTTLPR genes which control people’s moods

C．how the neurotransmitter serotonin works is greatly determined by 5-HTTLPR

D．5-HTTLPR receives chemical messages from verve cells

68．What does “It” in the sentence “It has been closely linked to mood.” in the 3rd paragraph refer to?

A．Serotonin.          B．A nerve cell.        C．5-HTTLPR.         D．The brain.

69．If a person had the long variant of 5-HTTLPR, he or she would probably         .

A．like the images of spiders                     B．prefer the images of crocodiles

C．enjoy an image of green tress                D．suffer from depression very often

70．What can we infer from the passage?

A．People’s moods can change a little bit under the influence of certain drugs.

B．Researchers showed participants of the research two kinds of images.

C．A person possesses one long and one short variant of 5-HTTLPR at the same time.

D．The author firmly believes that “happiness workshops” will not change people’s moods.