Although there is no formal process of selection, in larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment（招募）．

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades（十年） of research have failed to produce evidence that there are any “natural leaders”． It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; or rather更确切地说, any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group．

Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals． Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group． Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”． Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings福利 of a social group’s members． Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them．

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members． They give others and may discipline（纪律约束） group members who inhibit （阻碍） attainment of the group’s goals． Expressive leaders develop a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group． They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to solve problems that threaten to divide the group． As the difference between these two roles suggests, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect．

71． What does the passage mainly discuss?

       A． The problems faced by leaders．       B． The role of leaders in social groups．

       C． How leadership differs in small and large groups．

       D． How social groups determine who will lead them．

72． The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT ________．

       A． recruitment                           B． formal election process

       C． specific leadership training               D． traditional cultural patterns

73． Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2?

       A． An effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group．

       B． Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications．
C． A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership．
D． Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person．

74． In mentioning “natural leaders” in Line 4, the author is making the point that ________．

       A． few people qualify as “natural leaders”

       B． there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist

       C． “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics

       D． “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group

75． The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on ________．     

       A． achieving a goal                                 B． sharing responsibility with group members
C． identifying new leaders                       D． ensuring harmonious（和谐的）relationships

According to the sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer (赠与) leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge (显现) as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

     Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent（可靠的）evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually (actually) any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

     Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive (有表现力的) leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective（集体的）well beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize (将……减到最少) tension and conflict among them.

      Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who prevent attaining the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate（培养）a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in achieving group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

81. How are leaders usually chosen? (no more than 9 words)

__________________________________________________________

82. What do expressive leaders generally focus on? （(no more than 6 words）

__________________________________________________________

83. What kind of person may be considered a leader according to the writer? ((no more than 15 words)

__________________________________________________________

84. What does the passage mainly discuss? （(no more than 8 words）

__________________________________________________________

SECTION B

Directions：Read the following passage．Answer the questions according to the information given in the passage and the required words limit．Write your answers on your answer sheet.

According to the sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer (赠与) leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge (显现) as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent（可靠的）evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually (actually) any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive (有表现力的) leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective（集体的）well beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize (将……减到最少) tension and conflict among them.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who prevent attaining the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate（培养）a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in achieving group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

81. How are leaders usually chosen? (不超过12个单词)

__________________________________________________________

82. What do expressive leaders generally focus on? （不超过5个词）

__________________________________________________________

83. What kind of person may be considered a leader according to the writer? (不超过17个单词)

__________________________________________________________

84. What does the passage mainly discuss? （不超过8个词）

__________________________________________________________

 

SECTION B

Directions：Read the following passage．Answer the questions according to the information given in the passage and the required words limit．Write your answers on your answer sheet.

According to the sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer (赠与) leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge (显现) as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

     Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent（可靠的）evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually (actually) any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

     Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive (有表现力的) leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective（集体的）well beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize (将……减到最少) tension and conflict among them.

      Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who prevent attaining the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate（培养）a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in achieving group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

81. How are leaders usually chosen? (不超过12个单词)

__________________________________________________________

82. What do expressive leaders generally focus on? （不超过5个词）

__________________________________________________________

83. What kind of person may be considered a leader according to the writer? (不超过17个单词)

__________________________________________________________

84. What does the passage mainly discuss? （不超过8个词）

__________________________________________________________