When I was a law professor, a student reported that I made an error in grading his exam by giving him too many points. He was   36  , and after thanking him for his honesty, I changed the grade in my   37  . His beaming (欢笑的) face turned to shock. “You’re   38   my grade?” he said angrily. “I would never have come in   39   ……”

He didn’t finish the   40  , but it was obvious that his display of honesty was   41  . He thought he’d have it all—praise and the higher grade.

Several colleagues thought I should have let the higher grade   42   because all I’d accomplished was to discourage him from being   43   in the future. And every time I tell this story some people agree with this   44  .

   But I can’t see how I could give good reason for worsening my   45   in grading by undermining (损害) the honesty of all my grades by failing to   46   an error. The grade itself would be a dishonest   47   of his knowledge and it would have been   48  to other students. How could I   49   give a student a gift of an unearned grade?

   I know  50   reporting an error in one’s favor is unusual, but, like   51   too much change, it’s clearly the right thing to do. People of character, those with real honesty, hate to give up  52_ as much as anyone else. The difference is that for them a good conscience and reputation is  _53  enough to give reason for the cost of doing the right thing.

   Perhaps lowering the student’s grade did   54   him from being honest in the future, but bribing (贿赂) him to be honest so that he does the right thing when it’s cost-free would have _55 him even more. The duty to be honest is about right and wrong, not risks and rewards.

1.A. wise           B. right            C. grateful         D. upset

2. A. files         B. books            C. records          D. notes

3.A. lowering       B. correcting       C. changing         D. making

4.A. though         B. why          C. where                D. if

5. A. sentence      B. work         C. exam             D. lesson

6. A. good          B. false            C. special              D. impressive

7.A. remove         B. change           C. stand                D. add

8.A. brave          B. adventurous  C. successful           D. honest

9.A. remark         B. complaint        C. praise               D. achievement

10.A. crime         B. mistake      C. doubt                D. guilty

11.A. make          B. find         C. correct              D. avoid

12.A. reaction      B. sense            C. sign             D. reflection

13. A. unfair       B. cruel            C. tough                D. funny

14.A. reluctantly   B. responsibly      C. impossibly           D. impatiently

15. A. actively     B. secretly     C. voluntarily          D. curiously

16.A. receiving     B. paying           C. earning          D. returning

17. A. benefits     B. honors           C. awards               D. gifts

18.A. pleasure      B. reward       C. content          D. honor

19.A. protect       B. influence        C. discourage           D. separate

20. A. improved B. encouraged       C. blamed           D. ruined

 

  The idea of “law” exists in every culture. All societies have some kind of law to keep order and to control the interactions of people with those around them. The laws of any culture tell people three things: what they can do (their right), what they must do (their duties), and what they may not do. In addition, there are usually specific types of punishment for those who break the law.

Although all societies have laws, not all have the same idea of justice—which is “right” and “wrong” and how “wrong” should be punished. In most Western cultures, it is thought that punishing criminals will prevent them from committing other crimes. Also, it is hoped that the fear of punishment will act as a deterrent(威慑) that prevents other people from committing similar crimes; in other words, people who are considering a life of crime will decide against it because of fear of punishment. In most non-Western cultures, by contrast, punishment is not seen as a deterrent. Instead, great importance is placed on restoring balance in the situation. A thief, for example, may be ordered to return the things he has stolen instead of, as in Western societies, spending time in prison.

Another difference in the concept of justice lies in various societies’ ideas of what laws are. In the West, people consider “laws” quite different from “customs”. There is also a great contrast between “sins” (breaking religious laws) and “crimes” (breaking laws of the government). In many non-Western cultures, on the other hand, there is little separation of customs, laws, and religious beliefs; in other cultures, these three may be quite separate from one another, but still very much different from those in the West. For these reasons, an action may be considered a crime in one country, but be socially acceptable in others. For instance, although a thief is viewed as a criminal in much of the world, in a small village where there is considerable communal（公共的） living and sharing of objects, the word thief may have little meaning. Someone who has taken something without asking is simply considered an impolite person.

Most countries have two kinds of law: criminal and civil. People who have been accused of acts such as murder or theft are heard in the criminal justice system, while civil justice deals with people who are believed to have violated others’ rights. The use of the civil system reflects the values of the society in which it exists. In the United States where personal, individual justice is considered very important, civil law has become “big business.” There are over 600,000 lawyers in the United States, and many of them keep busy with civil lawsuits; that is, they work for people who want to sue others. If a man falls over a torn rug in a hotel and breaks his arm, for instance, he might decide to sue the hotel owners so that they will pay his medical costs. In a country like Japan, by contrast, there is very little use of the civil justice system. Lawsuits are not very popular in Japan, where social harmony is even more important than individual rights, and where people would rather reach agreement outside court.

1. The main point of paragraph 1 is that____.

A．all societies, Western or non-Western, have some kind of law to keep order.

B．most countries in the world have two kinds of law “criminal and civil ”

C．there are usually specific types of punishment for those who break the law.

D．the laws of any culture dictate people’s rights, duties and what they are not supposed to do

2. Which is TRUE in most Western cultures?

A．Punishment has double functions.

B．A thief may be referred to as an impolite person.

C．Punishment is not regarded as a deterrent.

D．There is lots of communal living and sharing of objects.

3.Which statement is NOT true according to the article?

A．In the West, people think laws and customs are rather different.

B．In the West, there is little difference between “sins” and “crimes”.

C．An action that is considered a crime in one country may be socially acceptable in another.

D．There is far less use of the civil justice system in Japan than in the United States.

4.Which of the following cases are not heard in the criminal justice system?

A．Robbing a pedestrian.	B．Kidnapping people for ransom.
C．Breaking into a bank.	D．Failing to pay back the money.

 

 

The following conversation is between Susan Russell-Robinson from the US Geological （地质学的）Survey and Barbara Reynolds from USA Today .

Q: Why , after 600 years of no activity , did Mount Pinatubo in Philippines erupt（喷发）in 1991 ?

A: Volcanoes （火山）each have their own eruption styles . This volcano probably has a rule which makes it erupt in the order of every 500 to 1000 years , but a volcano in Hawaii seems to erupt every year , and some of the Alaskan volcanoes might erupt every 10 or 20 years .

Q: So nothing caused it ?

A: There’s nothing out of the ordinary . If you were to take an ordinary calendar year , 50 to 75 or 80 volcanoes erupt around the world every year . There are 20 to 30 volcanoes every month that show signs of unrest . That might be a full-blown eruption or a whole host of activities like that .

Q: What is “the ring of fire” ?

A: If you look at where active volcanoes are placed around the world , there are somewhere between 500 and 600 of them . There is what appears to be almost a necklace that goes around the Pacific Ocean . It makes a ring where 60% of the world’s volcanoes lie .

Q: Why such a concentration（集中）there ?

A: That’s based on a theory that the oceans and the continents are like separate pieces . When they move , one might ride up over the other one . In this case , the Pacific Ocean goes under the continents and when that happens it seems to produce magma （熔岩）at depth and then you have volcanoes in the same ring .

1．What kind of writing do you think this passage is ?

         A．A text taken from a geography book .       B．An interview published in the press .

         C．A conversation carried out in a film .         D．An oral test recorded as an example .

2．Which of the following statements can correctly explain why we have so many volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean ?

         A．The movement of the surface of the earth makes it possible.

         B．The Pacific Ocean produces magma and presses it everywhere.

         C．The oceans and the continents are separated from each other.

         D．The earth’s surface around the Pacific is thinner than any other part.

3．Barbara Reynolds’ main purpose here is______________ .

         A．to show how dangerous volcanoes are to the world

         B．to learn what signs a volcano gives us before its eruption

         C．to warn the world of the existence of “the ring of fire”

         D．to introduce some general idea of volcanoes to the public

4．Which of the following can be considered as the best conclusion of the conversation?

         A．There are so many volcanoes in the world and we are always in danger.

         B．Volcanoes have erupted more frequently than ever before.

         C．Volcanoes are waiting to be better known.

         D．Something must be done to protect the people near the ring of fire.

 

阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。

注意：每个空格只填一个单词。

Invention is a creative process. An open and curious mind enables one to see beyond what is known. Seeing a new possibility, a new connection or relationship can spark(引发) an invention. Inventive thinking frequently involves combining concepts or elements from different fields that would not normally be put together. Sometimes inventors skip over the boundaries between separate fields. Ways of thinking, materials, processes or tools from one field are used as no one else has imagined in a different field.

  Play can lead to invention. Childhood curiosity like playing in a sand box, imagination can develop one’s play nature—an inner need according to Carl Jung. Inventors feel the need to play with things that interest them, and to explore, and this internal drive brings about interesting creations.

  Inventing can also be an obsession(痴迷). Inventors often imagine a new idea, seeing it in their mind’s eye. New ideas can arise when the conscious mind turns away from the subject or problem; or when the focus is on something else; or even while relaxing or sleeping. An unusual idea may come all of a sudden! For example, after years of working to figure out the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream “like a giant die making an unforgettable impress, a huge map of the universe summarized itself in one clear vision”.

  Invention can also be accidental. Insight(洞察力) is also an important element of invention. It may begin with questions or doubt. It may begin by recognizing something unusual. It may be useful and it could open a new way for exploration. For example, the odd metallic color of plastic made by accidentally adding too much catalyst(催化剂) led scientists to explore its metal-like properties(性能). They then invented electrically conductive plastic and light emitting(散发) plastic—an invention that won the Nobel Prize in 2000 and has led to new kind of lighting, display screens, wallpaper and much more.

Title:    1. 

A(n)   2.    process	◆Look     3.     than we know now. ◆Give combining concepts or    4.    elements from different fields. ◆No one can    5.   this before.
An obsession	◆    6.  often imagine a new idea. ◆An unusual idea may come    7.   .
A(n)     8.	◆A vital element of invention is    9.   . ◆It may open a new way for exploration. ◆Accidental actions can    10.   to innovation.

 

 

When I asked my daughter which item she would keep; the phone, the car, the cooker, the computer, the TV, or her boyfriend, she said” the phone”. Personally, I could do without the phone entirely, which makes me unusual. Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology.

Point 1 The telephone creates the need to communicate, in the same way that more roads create more traffic. My daughter comes home from school at 4:00 pm and then spends an hour on the phone talking to the very people she has been at school with all day. If the phone did not exist, would she have anything to talk about?

Point 2 The mobile phone means that we are never alone. “The mobile saved my life,” says Crystal Johnstone. She had an accident in her Volvo on the A45 between Otley and Skipton. Trapped inside, she managed to make the call that brought the ambulance(救护车) to her rescue.

Point 3 The mobile removes our secret. It allows marketing manager of Haba Deutsch, Carl Nicolaisen, to ring his sales staff all round the world at and time of day to ask where they are , where they are going, and how their last meeting went.

Point 4 The telephone separates us. Antonella Bramante in Rome says, “We worked in separate offices but I could see him through the window. It was easy to get his number. We were so near——but we didn’t meet for the first two weeks!”

Point 5 The telephone allows us to reach out beyond our own lives. Today we can talk to several complete strangers simultaneously ( 同时地) on chat lines (at least my daughter does. I wouldn’t know what to talk about). We can talk across the world. We can even talk to astronauts (if you know any) while they’re space-walking. And, with the phone line hooked up to the computer, we can access(存取) the Internet, the biggest library on Earth.

1.How do you understand ‘Point 1 —The telephone creates the need to communicate,…’？

A．People don’t communicate without telephone.

B．People communicate because of the creating of the telephone.

C．People communicate more since telephone has been created.

D．People communicate more because of more traffic.

2.Which of the following best shows people’s attitude towards mobile phones?

A．Mobile phones help people deal with the emergency.

B．Mobile phones bring convenience as well little secret to people.

C．Mobile phones are so important and should be encouraged.

D．Mobile phones are part of people’s life.

3.Which points do you think support the idea that phones improve people’s life?

a. Point 1.  b. Point2.  c. Point3.  d. Point 4.  e. Point 5.

A．c, d

B．a, e

C．a, c

D．b, e

4.It is possible to talk to several complete strangers simultaneously through      .

A．the TV screen	B．a fax machine
C．the phone line hooked up to the computer	D．a microphone

5.The best heading for the passage is      .

A．Phone Power	B．Kinds of Phone
C．How to Use Phones	D．Advantage of Phones