The meaning of a word can be guessed according to the context, so you will not __________ refer to a dictionary the next time __________ you come across a new word.

A. really, when         B. exactly, that        C. likely, which            D. necessarily, /

 

You may open your electronic mail and find information about how to buy medicine, cheap airline tickets, and books and, of course, computers and computer products．There may also be offers for investment deals, bank loans and special holidays．However, to many computer users, this use of electronic spam to sell products has become a major problem as it makes computer communication more difficult．

       Many companies who want to send a great deal of advertising might use the services of a “spammer．” A spammer is a person or company that uses computers to send out millions of copies of the same sales information．Spammers find e-mail addresses from websites, news groups and “chat rooms” where people send messages to each other．

       Most spam is sent by companies who are trying to get you to buy their products．Some of these are honest companies that offer good products or services for fair prices．These companies can offer their products for a cheaper price than you might find in a store．However, much of the spam on the Internet is sent by criminals who are trying to sell products that do not exist or offer services they will not provide．They are only interested in stealing your money．When you answer their spam you find you are expected to send them money and receive a gift．One country in Africa has become famous for the number of criminals who try every known trick to separate people from their money．

What does the underlined word “spam” in the first paragraph probably refer to?

       A．Unwanted electronic information that reaches computer users．

       B．Computer virus that causes computer communication difficulties．

       C．Advertisements sent out by companies who want to sell their products．

       D．Companies that send out millions of copies of the same sales information．

Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

       A．Spammers are people who receive spam on their computers．

       B．Spammers are people who collect e-mail addresses from the Internet．

       C．Companies who want to send a great deal of advertising are so-called spammers．

       D．Either individuals or organizations can be regarded as spammers if they send out spam．

Which is the possible suggestion from the writer concerning spam?

       A．Look out for any spam that reaches your computer．

       B．Don’t trust any information on the Internet．

       C．Buy what is cheaper in the spam．

       D．Don’t buy anything advertised in the spam．

What is the main purpose of writing this passage?

       A．To explain what spam is．

       B．To find out who send out spam．

       C．To warn readers of the possible dangers of spam．

       D．To show the advantages and disadvantages of spam．

 

People diet to look more attractive. Fish diet to avoid being beaten up, thrown out of their social group, and getting eaten as a result. That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by a team of Australian scientists.

The research team have discovered that subordinate fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors. “In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals, a male and female, had breeding （繁殖） rights within the group,” explains Marian Wong. “All other group members are nonbreeding females, each being 5-10% smaller than its next largest competitor. We wanted to find out how they maintain this precise size separation.”

The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eaten up.

It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish. Whether they did so voluntarily, by restraining how much they ate, was not clear. The research team decided to do an experiment. They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened. To their surprise, the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered, clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights, over having a feast.

The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group. Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves, so keeping their competitors small.

While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious, Dr. Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical （等级的） societies remain stable.

The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive to humans. “As yet, we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature,” the researchers comment. “Data on human dieting suggests that, while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness, rarely does it improve long-term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females’ own ideal.”

1.When a goby grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it        .

A. faces danger                      B. has breeding rights

C. eats its competitor                                 D. leaves the group itself

2.The underlined words “the evicted fish” in Paragraph 3 refer to        .

A. the fish beaten up                B. the fish found out

C. the fish fattened up              D. the fish driven away

3.The experiment showed that the smaller fish        .

A. fought over a feast                                 B. went on diet willingly

C. preferred some extra food         D. challenged the boss fish

4.What is the text mainly about?

A. Fish dieting and human dieting.

B. Dieting and health.

C. Human dieting.

D. Fish dieting.

 

While most high school students spend most of their time worrying about who likes who, and different relationships between their classmates, I choose to focus on my school lessons and sports.

When I was young, my mother encouraged me to develop and keep friendship with boys in order to build strong relationships. But she told me not to risk a good friendship with a boy with the title of boyfriend. It’ s indeed a wise choice to stay friends with those of the opposite sex. In my opinion, even though some high school relationship might continue after graduation, the probability of them lasting much longer is so slim that there really is not a point to it.

Firstly you have to think about such a question— whether it is possible to hurt both of you, or even hurt both of your future husbands or wives. My second point is that you still can date if you hope marriage could possibly follow. Except this, there really is not any other reason for dating. Some students desire relationships for a chance to be romantic. While these are nice to have, there are many more important things at this point in our lives.

The titles of boyfriend and girlfriend put too much stress on a relationship between high school students. Just staying as common friends may be the best choice for us. I strongly recommend we should deal with it in an appropriate way and follow our teachers’ advice if necessary.

1.The author writes this passage probably for        to read.

A. high school students                       B. school teachers 

C. parents and teachers                       D. married couples

2. Between sexes, the relationship of being good friends might be        than that of being boy/girl-friends.

A. weaker           B. safer                C. slimmer          D. stronger

3.How does the writer like the idea of dating among the students?

A. Dating is a nice chance for students to be romantic.

B. Studying is far more important than dating in school.

C. In high school dating can surely lead to future marriage.

D. Dating in high school is sure to hurt your future family.

4.The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph might refer to       .

A. the title of boyfriend or girlfriend at school  

B. advice given by both teachers and parents

C. the pressure from school lessons and sports

D. the relationship between students of opposite sexes

 

Brian knew he had been drinking more and more, but he was convinced that he'd return to more moderate drinking when he wasn't so pressured at work, and that "a few too many drinks now and then" wasn't a major problem.

"My wife and father were on me to stop drinking, but you know how critical and protective family can be," said Brian. "So I blew them off."

It wasn't until his friend Jack spoke up that Brian started to think differently. "That really hit home, because I wouldn’t expect a friend to confront me with something that personal unless it was very important," said Brian. "Jack said he was really concerned about me. He pointed out that my personality changed after I had a few beers--that I became belligerent(寻衅的). For a normally easy-going guy, that was a dramatic change in behavior."

Jack could see that Brian's numerous drinking binges(放纵) were causing problems. Brian was frequently calling into work sick and falling behind in his work, and his marriage was seriously on the ropes. Brian was teetering(摇摇欲坠) on the edge of disaster. "I didn't want to see a good life and a good friendship ruined," said Jack, "so I approached Brian, shared my honest observations with him, and suggested that he seek help."  

After a couple days of soul searching, though still reluctant, Brian took Jack's suggestion and was assessed by an addiction professional. The expert recommended that Brian check into a treatment center, and one day later Brian did so.

Many people fear taking the path that Jack took. Speaking up to a friend who may have a problem with alcohol or other drugs can be a tricky undertaking.

Yet it's true that a concerned friend can do a lot. Most people don't recognize they have a substance abuse problem and most don't seek help for a problem until someone close to them intervenes(干预).

1.What happened to Brian according to the passage?

A. He suffered from an illness called alcohol addiction.

B. He changed so much that he was deserted by his family.

C. He became morally corrupted drinking too much all day.

D. He drank a little more than normal to escape the pressure.

2.What does “that” in the 3rd paragraph refer to?

A. Brian’s drinking binges.                 B. Jack’s talk with Brian.

C. Wife and father’s intervention.           D. Brian’s different thoughts.

3. Brian could accept Jack’s suggestions mainly because ____________.

A. he found his friend was very critical and protective

B. Jack’s suggestions were professional and persuasive

C. Jack and Brian’s family had different opinions

D. he knew his friend wouldn’t easily intervene his personal affair

4. Brian’s alcohol abuse brought him many problems EXCEPT ____________.

A. his refusal to listen to his family    B. his bad temper and aggressiveness

C. his failure to do his work well            D. his marriage problems

5. The writer narrates Brian’s story in order to ____________.

A. tell us the bad results of alcohol addiction     

B. warn us not to fall into the habit of drinking

C. show friends have real power to intervene  

D. prove a friend in need is a friend indeed