4．避免重复与避免中式英语 避免重复这条原则对中国学生还有一层特殊的意义.受汉语表达习惯的影响.中国学生用英语表达思想时.常常不自觉地加上不必要的修饰语.这些修饰语虽然在汉语中也是重复.但是它们显得自然.符合汉语的表达习惯.可是.如果把这些修饰语也译成英语.效果就适得其反了.既累赘.又有失表达的准确. 例如:汉语中.我们可以说.“请给我们多提宝贵意见 .但是用英语表达时就不必说Please gives us your valuable opinions．别人能提出意见.建议.我们肯定应该认为是宝贵的.再用valuable一词就是多余的.正确的说法应是Your opinions will be appreciated．还有一个典型的例子.在表达“他的病情好多了 这一汉语句子时.中国学生往往说成His sick condition is much better．实际上.condition本身就表示“疾病 .所以句中的sick也是一种无意义的重复.地道的表达方法是His condition is much better．或者可以更简单地说He is much better． 此外.在用英语表达汉语中的“吃饭 .“读书 .“唱歌 .“付钱 .“换车 这些动宾结构的概念时.中国学生往往把宾语表达出来.而实际上.英语的有些动词本身已经含有宾语所表示的意思.不言自明.一般是可以省略的.加上宾语则有可能形成画蛇添足.说出中国式的英语.现举例如下: Have you heard from your daughter recently? 近来你得到你女儿的消息了吗? "to hear from somebody" 就含有“听到某人的消息 .“接到某人来信 的意思. Writeto me often． 经常给我写信. Dick was mad about books．He made notes while he read．(＝while he read books) 迪克特别爱读书.他读书时总是作笔记. It's through train, you don't have to change anywhere．(＝you don't have to change trains anywhere) 这是一超支达车.你不需要在任何地方换车. He paid to see the show． 他花了钱去看演出. 以上各例中.动词的宾语是不言而喻的.如果不是特别需要强调.宾语可以省略.不省略.虽然符合语法规则.也不构成理解错误.但是在表达方式上与标准的英语习惯用法不符.影响语言的地道性. 避免重复这一原则在书面英语中体现比较严格.相对来说.口语中则具有较大的灵活性 高考书面表达怎样运用复杂结构和高级词汇 近几年的高考中,关于高考英语书面表达评分标准第五档中有这样一段话:"应用了较多的语法结构和词汇;语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致."这就是说,学生仅运用基础的词汇和基本的句型,不能体现出较强的语言运用能力,即使表达无语法错误,也不能得高分;相反有些错误,目的在有意识地使用复杂结构或较高级词汇,也不扣分,仍属于最高档次.高考把写作要求提到了这样一个高度,有利于反映学生的水平层次,有利于指导教学.原来"要点完整,语言无误,行文连贯,表达清楚"的标准就落后了. 在平时的教学中,训练最多的,学生们也最习惯的是五种基本句型:①主语+谓语;②主语+谓语+宾语;③主语+谓语+间接宾语;④主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;⑤主语+谓语+宾语+补足语.用这些句型组织的句子单一.无生气,不能给人一种含金量高的审美享受.客观形势对我们提出了高难度的要求,我们怎样才能对书面表达进行科学的操作?怎样才能控制写作呢?本文拟就这一课题进行讨论,希望能给学生以启迪,调动积极性,开拓思维,培养创新精神. 首先,在整篇文章中,避免只使用一两个句型,要灵活运用各种语法结构,使文章有声有色. 一.改变时态 例:The bell is ringing now. There goes the bell! 二.改变语态 例:People suggest that the conference be put off. It is suggested that the conference be put off. 三.使用不定式 例:He is so kind that he can help me. He is so kind as to help me. 四.使用过去分词 例:①She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab. ②Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten. Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 五.使用V-ing形式 例:①When he arrives, please give me an e-mail. On arriving/his arrival, please give me an e-mail. ②If the weather permits, I'll come tomorrow. I'll come tomorrow, weather permitting. 六.使用名词性从句 例:①It disappointed everybody that he didn't turn up. The fact that he didn't turn up disappointed everybody. ②I happened to have met him. It happened that I had met him. ③To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things. What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things. 七.使用定语从句 例:The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written. The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of. 八.使用状语从句 例:①I won't believe what he says. No matter what he says, I won't believe. ②If you come back before six o'clock, you can go out. You can go out on condition that you come back before six o'clock. ③If she doesn't agree, what shall we do? Supposing that she doesn't agree, what shall we do? 九.使用虚拟语气 高考英语作文的一些实用技巧 注意篇章结构.合理布局开始部分--说出文中的要点.核心问题.正文部分--围绕主题开展叙述.讨论.结尾部分(concluding paragraphs)--对全文的总结和概括.要做到全文中心突出.段落之间必须是有机地联系.内容完整.连贯.前后呼应.去除与主题无关的内容. (2)确定主题句主题句是对全文的概括.是文章的主旨.它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛 的作用.通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头.而后.全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释.扩展.写主题句应注意以下几点:①归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点②提炼出一句具有概括性的话③主题句应具有可读性.抓住.吸引读者 (二)巧用连接词要想使文章有整体性.连贯性.就要学会正确使用连接词表示罗列增加First, second, third, First, then / next, after that / next, finally For one thing - for another-, On (the) one hand-on the other hand, Besides / what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also, Especially / In particular表示时间顺序now, at present, recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment form now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile, till, not-until, before, after, when, while, as during表示解释说明now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover furthermore, in fact, actually表示转折关系but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of course, after all表示并列关系or, and, also, too, not only - but also, as well as, both- and, either -or, neither -nor表示因果关系because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to-, due to-, therefore, as a result (of), otherwise, so-that, such-that表示条件关系as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless表示让步关系though, although, as, even if, even though, whether -or-, however, whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when, whom)表示举例for example, for instance, such as-, take- for example表示比较be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)-just like, just as表示目的for this reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to表示强调in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all表示概括归纳in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion (三)掌握常用句型:1. in order to为了实现他的梦想.他学习非常努力.He worked very hard in order to realize his dream.2. in order that她拼命干活以便到六点时把一切都准备就绪.She worked hard in order that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock.3. so-that他们太累了.除了伸懒腰什么都做不了了.They were all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn.4. such-that天气非常冷.以致于街上一个人都没有.It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.5. would rather do-than do他宁愿听他人讲而不愿自己说.He would rather listen to others than talk himself.6. prefer doing to doing他宁愿在精心准备后去做报告.He prefers making speeches after careful preparation.7. prefer to do-rather than do比起女人.男人总是宁可在家睡觉也不愿花那么多时间来购物.Compared with women, men always prefer to sleep at home rather than spend so much time shopping.8. not only-but also在短短的三年的时间里她不但完成了所有课程.而且还获得了博士学位.In just three years, she had not only finished all the lessons, but also received her doctor’s degree.9. either-or如果考试过关.你可以买一个MP3或去云南玩一趟.You could either buy an MP3 or go to Yunnan for a visit if you pass the exam.10. Neither-nor他是一个无聊的人.既不爱娱乐.也不爱读书.He is a boring man. He likes neither entertainment nor reading.11. as well as他善良又乐于助人.He was kind as well as helpful.12. -as well这个小孩活泼又可爱.The child is active and funny as well.13. One-the other你看见桌子上有两只笔吗?一支是红色的.另一支是黑色的.Have you seen two pens on the desk? One is red, the other is black.14. Some-others每个人都很忙.有些在读书.有些在写作.Everyone is busy in classroom. Some are reading, others are writing.15. make-+adj. /n.我们所做的可以让世界更美丽.What we do will make the world more beautiful.16. not-until直到他告诉我发生的事.我才了解真相.I didn’t know the truth until she told me what happened.17. as if他夸夸其谈好像什么事都知道.He talks a lot as if he knows everything.18. It is no use doing-假装不懂规则是行不通的.It’s no use pretending that you didn’t know the rules.19. find it + adj. to do-我觉得作听力时有必要作笔记.I find it necessary to take down notes while listening.20. It is + time since-我已经有两年没见他了.It is two years since I last met him.21. It is + time when-我到电影院时已经八点钟了.It was 8 o’clock when I got to the cinema.22. It is + time before-不久我们就会再见面的.I won’t be long before we can meet again.23. It is-that-我最珍视的是友谊.It is friendship that I value most.24. It is + n / adj. + that / to do-每个人都必须懂得如何使用计算机It is a must that everybody should know how to use computers. 英语中18大激励人心的豪情壮语 【查看更多】
