(07·全国ⅡD篇)

It is difficult for doctors to help a person with a damaged brain. Without enough blood, the brain lives for only three to five minutes. More often the doctors can’t fix the damage. Sometimes they are afraid to try something to help because it is dangerous to work on the brain. The doctors might make the person worse if he operates on the brain.

Dr. Robert White, a famous professor and doctor, thinks he knows a way to help. He thinks doctors should make the brain very cold. If it is very cold, the brain can live without blood for 30 minutes. This gives the doctor a longer time to do something for the brain.

Dr. White tried his idea on 13 monkeys. First he taught them to do different jobs, then he operated on them. He made the monkeys’ blood back to the monkeys’ brains. When the brain’s temperature was 10℃, Dr. White stopped the blood to the brain. After 30 minutes he turned the blood back on. He warmed the blood again. After their operations the monkeys were like they had been before. They were healthy and busy. Each one could still do the jobs the doctor had taught them.

53.The biggest difficulty in operating on the damaged brain is that ____.
A. the time is too short for doctors                     

B. the patients are often too nervous
C. the damage is extremely hard to fix                 

D. the blood-cooling machine might break down

54.The brain operation was made possible mainly by ____.
A. taking the blood out of the brain                      B. trying the operation on monkeys first
C. having the blood go through a machine             D. lowering the brain’s temperature

55.With Dr. White’s new idea, the operation on the damaged brain ____.
A. can last as long as 30 minutes                         B. can keep the brain’s blood warm
C. can keep the patient’s brain healthy                  D. can help monkeys do different jobs

56.What is the right order of the steps in the operations?
a. send the cooled back to the brain                      b. stop the blood to the brain
c. have the blood cooled down                            d. operate on the brain
A. a, b, c, d                    B. c, a, b, d                  C. c, b, d, a                  D. b, c, d, a

 (07·宁夏、海南、全国ⅠD篇)

Anyone who cares about what schools and colleges teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir（回忆录）of Ralph W. Tyler, who is one of the most famous men in American education.

Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.

Graduate work at the University of Chicago found him connected with honorable educators Charles Judd and W. W. Charters, whose ideas of teaching and testing had an effect on his later work. In 1927, he became a teacher of Ohio State University where he further developed a new method of testing.

Tyler became well-known nationality in 1938, when he carried his work with the Eight-Year Study from Ohio State University to the University of Chicago at the invitation of Robert Hutchins.

Tyler was the first director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, a position he held for fourteen years. There, he firmly believed that researchers should be free to seek an independent（独立的）spirit in their work.

Although Tyler officially retired in 1967, he never actually retired. He served on a long list of educational organizations in the United States and abroad. Even in his 80s he traveled across the country to advise teachers and management people on how to set objectives（目标）that develop the best teaching and learning within their schools.

68. Who are most probably interested in Ralph W. Tyler’s memoir?

   A. Top managers.                    B. Language learners.

   C. Serious educators.                 D. Science organizations.

69. The words “hooked on teaching” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean ________.

   A. attracted to teaching               B. tired of teaching

   C. satisfied with teaching             D. unhappy about teaching

70. Where did Tyler work as the leader of a research center for over 10 years?

   A. The University of Chicago.         B. Stanford University.

   C. Ohio State University.             D. Nebraska University.