Self-employed private physicians who charge a fee for each patient visit are the foundation of medical practice in the United States. Most physicians have a contract relationship with one or more hospitals in the community. They send their patients to this hospital, which usually charges patients according to the number of days they stay and the facilities (operating room, tests, medicines that they use). Some hospitals belong to a city, a state or, in the case of veteran's hospitals, a federal government agency. Others are operated by religious orders(教会) or other non-profit groups.

Some medical doctors are on salary. Salaried physicians may work as hospital staff members, or residents, who are often still in training. They may teach in medical schools, be hired by corporations to care for their workers or work for the federal government’s Public Health Service.

Physicians are among the best paid professionals in the United States. In the 1980s, it was not uncommon for medical doctors to earn incomes of more than $ 100,000 a year. Specialists, particularly surgeons, might earn several times that amount. Physicians list many reasons why they deserve to be so well rewarded for their work. One reason is the long and expensive preparation required to become a physician in the United States. Most would-be physicians first attend college for four years, which can cost nearly $ 20,000 a year at one of the best private institutions. Prospective physicians then attend medical school for four years. Tuition alone can exceed $ 10,000 a year. By the time they have obtained their medical degrees, many young physicians are deeply in debt. They still face three to five years of residency(实习阶段) in a hospital, the first year as an apprentice physician. The hours are long and the pay is relatively low.

Setting up a medical practice is expensive, too. Sometimes several physicians will decide to establish a group practice, so they can share the expense of maintaining an office and buying equipment. These physicians also take care of each other’s patients in emergencies.

Physicians work long hours and must accept a great deal of responsibility. Many medical procedures, even quite routine ones, involve risk. It is understandable that physicians want to be well rewarded for making decisions which can mean the difference between life and death.

1.According to the passage, it is very unlikely that an American hospital is owned by ______.

A．a church          B．a corporation       C．a city             D．a state

2.The expenses for becoming a doctor are spent on _______.

A．schooling and retraining

B．practice in a hospital

C．facilities he or she uses

D．education he or she receives

3.According to the passage, how long does it take for a would-be physician to become an independent physician in the USA?

A．About seven year.                       B．Eight years.

C．Ten years.                             D．About twelve years.

4.Sometimes several physicians set up a group medical practice mainly because _______.

A．there are so many patients that it is difficult for one physician to take care all of them

B．they can take turns to work long hours

C．facilities may be too much of a burden for one physician to shoulder

D．no one wants to assume too much responsibility

5.Which of the following statements could fully express the author’s view towards physicians’ payment in the USA?

A．For their expensive education and their responsibility, they deserve a handsome pay.

B．It is reasonable for physicians to have a large income because their work is very dangerous.

C．Physicians should be better paid because they work long hours under bad conditions.

D．Physicians have great responsibility, so it is understandable that they should be well rewarded.

 

 (10·浙江C篇)

The term “multitasking” originally referred to a computer’s ability to carry out several tasks at one time. For many people, multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact, some excellent mental aerobic exercises (大脑训练) involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time. Although checking e-mail while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people, many times multitasking can make us less productive, rather than more. And studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increased stress, anxiety and memory loss.

   In order to multitask, the brain uses an area known as the prefrontal cortex (前额叶脑皮层). Brian scans of volunteers performing multiple tasks together show that as they shift from task to task, this front part of the brain actually takes a moment of rest between tasks. You may have experienced a prefrontal cortex “moment of rest” yourself if you’ve ever dialed (拨电话) a phone number and suddenly forgotten who you dialed when the line is answered. What probably occurred is that between the dialing and the answering, your mind shifted to anther thought or task, and then took that “moment” to come back. Research has also shown that for many volunteers, job efficiency (效率) declines while multitasking, as compared to when they perform only one task at a time.

   Multitasking is easiest when at least one of the tasks is habitual, or requires little thought. Most people don’t find it difficult to eat and read the newspaper at the same time. However, when two or more attention-requiring tasks are attempted at one time, people sometimes make mistakes.

   We often don’t remember things as well when we’re trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget people’s names---even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them.

   本篇文章是一篇说明文。

49. Why are some mental aerobic exercises designed to engage people in multitasking?

    A. To make them more productive.         B. To reduce their stress and anxiety.

C. To develop their communication skills.  D. To help them perform daily tasks more easily.    

50. According to Paragraph 2, why may a person suddenly forget who has called?

 A. He may leave his prefrontal cortex temporarily damaged.

 B. He is probably interrupted by another task.

 C. He is probably not very familiar with the person he has called.

 D. He may need a rest between dialing and speaking.

51. People tend to make mistake when ____.

   A. they perform several challenging tasks at a time.

   B. new messages are processed one after another

   C. their relationships with others are affected

   D. the tasks require little thought

52. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Multitasking has become a way of life.

B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.

C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved.

D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

In the era of high-tech today, face-to-face conversation is dying.

The New York Times published an article recently that shows great   36   for the “death of conversation”. It   37   that while technology such as cell phones, e-mails, and Internet posting makes us feel more   38   than ever, they’re also driving us away from people around us.

         Users get final connectivity    39   the price of   40   face-to-face conversation. Sherry Turkle, author of the article in The New York Times says people are   41   to a different way of being “alone together”.

Actually,   42   text messages or writing micro-blogs allows us to   43   thoughts. But bits and pieces of online cannot   44   a “real conversation.” Lan Guo, 19, a freshman English major from Changsha University, said that she would like to hear people’s tone of voice and see their faces in a conversation. “The give and take of   45   in a conversation sharpens our minds.” she said. She also mentions that   46   ourselves in mobile technology reduces our chance of starting conversations with strangers and   47   people.

Turkle mentioned the popular   48   of “I share, therefore I am.” among this generation. Liu Xuan, a young writer from Taiwan and psychology graduate from Harvard University, thinks it’s an attitude   49   by most young people. They are   50   busy creating or polishing their online persona (网络人格) that they forget how to live a   51   life. 

However, experts remind us that it’s   52   to blame mobile technology. Chen Chen, a sociology expert at China Youth & Children Research Center, points out that   53   is still owners of tools who’re avoiding personal contact. We take advantage of these devices to hide ourselves from others. Texting messages or calling may be a(n)   54   to avoid contact with others, such as having eye contact. “Only by strengthening conversation can we understand each other.   55   throwing away the mobile phones is not a solution.” she said.

1.A. regret                           B. respect C. anger             D. support

2.A. advises                B. speaks                             C. suggests                           D. talks

3.A. received             B. connected                       C. shared                              D. separated

4.A. with                      B. for                                     C. in                                       D. at

5.A. having                           B. risking                               C. sacrificing                        D. continuing

6.A. related                          B. committed                       C. limited                     D. accustomed

7.A. sending               B. getting                              C. reading                   D. taking

8.A. change                B. exchange                         C. explain                    D. develop

9.A. indicate               B. replace                   C. cover                                D. involve

10.A. ideas                           B. letters                               C. chances                            D. gifts

11.A. imagining          B. joining                     C. burying                   D. attaching

12.A. interviewing     B. introducing                      C. recognizing                      D. meeting

13.A. feeling               B. concept                            C. image                                D.truth

14.A. adapted            B. confirmed                        C. handled                            D. adopted

15.A. so                       B. too                                    C. very                                  D. quite

16.A. real                    B. colorful                            C. daily                                  D. meaningful

17.A. important                   B. necessary               C. unfair                                D. uncomfortable

18.A. that                    B. this                                    C. it                              D. one

19.A. problem            B. excuse                              C. strategy                            D. explanation

20.A. Eventually         B. Hardly                     C. Approximately                D. Simply

 

Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.

1.他曾在当地一所学校工作。（used to）

2.一位旧时同窗写信告诉我他重返祖国的想法。（thought）

3.当被问及为何投入这个研究时，他保持沉默。（involve）

4.他若是想在下一届奥运会夺金的话，就要提高他的技术水平。（be to do）

5.她注视着市长消失的那个出口，然后环顾四周看看其他人对市长的缺席有何反应。（through）

 

Every family with kids has seen its share of arguments, shouting and complaining. It turns out that all those conflicts serve an important purpose in the development of children . Saying “no” followed by a bad temper, just may be an unavoidable part of growing up. And that’s a good thing. These are the first steps toward independence. Even young children have to challenge their parents sometimes. Studies have shown the following:

·Although stressful, conflicts are beneficial for children.

·Learning to manage conflicts is necessary for a child’s development.

·Conflicts during the preschool years occur because children desire more attention than parents can or should give.

If you understand why conflicts occur, it can minimize the conflicts between you and your children. Conflict is a child’s attempt to develop a sense of self and how he or she learns to express his or her needs and ideas. Parents develop and drive this independence by putting children to the outside world both formally and informally.

Conflicts can grow out of a difference of opinion or might just be a way to blow off steam(发脾气). In rare situations, constant conflicts between parents and children can indicate a deeper emotional problem. Consult your doctor if this seems to be your situation.

It’s important to offer your child choices, which should be determined by age and developmental level. The more responsible a child is, the more choices he or she gets in reward. You can threaten your child with punishment, but often offering a choice will better improve angry situations. Consequences and rewards should have some meaning to your child.

Often a child’s adverse(敌对的)reaction when he or she hears the word “no” can be avoided by giving the child an explanation as to why you have refused his or her request.

1.The intended readers of this passage are           .

A．parents

B．doctors

C．teachers

D．children

2.By saying "that's a good thing" in Paragraph 1, the author means     .

A．children behave politely

B．children try being independent

C．parents control their feelings well

D．parents understand their children

3.If a 3-year-old boy challenges his parents angrily, according to studies, he may           .

A．feel being overlooked by his parents.

B．get tired of being looked after by his parents.

C．want to stay with his parents at any time.

D．be blamed by his parents for his faults.

4.In most cases ,the conflicts between parents and their children       .

A．lead to more misunderstandings

B．doesn't really mean a deep emotional problem

C．is an important choice

D．involve visiting doctors

5.What can be concluded from the passage?

A．Children understand what their parents think of clearly.

B．Children enjoy giving their opinions by conflicting with their parents.

C．Most parents would rather punish their children than reward them.

D．Communication can reduce conflicts between parents and children.