The initial tunnels were just ___________ the surface of the ground. People were transported in carriages, which were ___________ the narrow tunnels by steam engines.

The initial tunnels were just ___________ the surface of the ground. People were transported in carriages, which were ___________ the narrow tunnels by steam engines.

A．under, broken through                   B．below, put through

C．of , gone through                       D．beneath, pulled through

The initial tunnels were just ___________ the surface of the ground. People were transported in carriages, which were ___________ the narrow tunnels by steam engines.

1. A.
   under, broken through
2. B.
   below, put through
3. C.
   of , gone through
4. D.
   beneath, pulled through

A volcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe. Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports.

   Grimsvotn is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Europe. What makes Grimsvotn different is that it lies under a huge glacier(冰川) of ice up to 12 meters thick. The hot volcano heats up the ice above it, which then forms a layer(层)of water between the glacier and the volcano. This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable. As the water flows out from under the glacier, the pressure lifts. The lava from the volcano then comes up to the surface. This is exactly what happened today.

Now, airlines have to make changes to their flights so as not to fly through the clouds of volcanic ash. According to KLM, one of Europe’s biggest airlines, airplanes cannot go under the cloud or over it. Going through the cloud can result in ash getting stuck in the airplane’s engines, causing damage to the plane.

The eruption has also caused problems for animals in Iceland. The volcano left ash and sharp, glass-like rocks all over the countryside. Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash-covered grass or the sharp object.

1.What makes Grimsvotn different from other volcanoes?

A. It is below ice.                  B. It lies under the sea.

C. It is the largest volcano.           D. Its lava affects the airlines.

2.What keeps Grimsvotn still?

A. The slow flow of water.            B. The low water temperature.

C. The thick glacier.                 D. The water pressure.

3.Which of the following is the result of the volcanic eruption?

A. People stop traveling in Europe.

B. Airlines suffer from the loss of planes.

C. It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outside.

D. Farmers have lost many of their animals.

4.This text is most probably taken from ________.

A. a research paper                  B. a newspaper report

C. a class presentation                D. a geography textbook

第三部分：阅读理解（共20题；每小题2分，共40分）
阅读下列短文，从每题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
You have heard the expression “horse sense”. As you may imagine, it came from the time when the majority of people traveled in vehicles drawn by horses. A horse does have a lot of common sense, and there are many true stories about horses having saved their drivers from danger of death.
Today for the most part, people travel by train, ship, airplane, and car, but very little by the use of horses. Modern vehicles are propelled by engines, and an engine does not have any sense. In case of danger, many horses could be depended on to help. Not so with the engine; the driver must do all the things.
In recent years, the speed of travel has increased greatly. With the increased speed comes greatly increased danger. The driver of a powerful engine needs to be careful. A moment of being careless may cost a life. In order to drive today, a person must be able to see clearly, and he must learn and follow carefully the rules for safety on the road. Greater attention is the price we pay for using a machine instead of a horse.
56. The passage mainly talks about ______.
A. engines    B. safe driving    C. using horses    D. modern machines
57. The underlined word “propel” in the second paragraph means ______.
A. repair    B. raise    C. push forward    D. made
58. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. a driver must know the rules of safety
B. a driver needs to be able only to tell red from green
C. an eye test is an important part of a driver’s examination
D. greater attention is needed for a driver while driving a machine
59. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. A driver must be able to see and hear well.
B. The driver of a car must follow the rules of safety.
C. Horses are known to have saved their drivers from injury.
D. It is better for vehicles to be pulled by horse than to be pushed by engine.