阅读理解：

　　In Europe, men do not usually wear skirts. But the Scottish national clothing for men is a kind of skirt. It is called a kilt. The Scottish like to be different. They are also proud of their country and its history, and they feel that the kilt is part of that history. That's why the men still wear kilts at traditional (传统的) dances and on national holidays. They believe they are wearing the same clothes that Scottish men always used to wear.

　　That's what they believe. However, kilts are not really so old. Before 1730, Scottish men wore a long shirt and blanket around their shoulders. These clothes got in the way when the men started to work in factories. So, in 1730 a factory owner changed the blanket into a skirt; the kilt. That's how the first kilt was made.

　　Then, in the late 1700s Scottish soldiers in the British Army began to wear kilts. One reason for this was national sentiment ( = feelings) . The Scottish soldiers wanted to be different from the English soldiers. The British Army probably had a different reason. A Scottish soldier in a kilt was always easy to find! The Scottish soldier fought very hard and became famous. The kilt was part of the fame, and in the early 1800s men all around Scotland began to wear kilts.

　　These kilts had colorful stripes (条纹) going up and down and across. In the 1700s and early 1800s, the color of the stripes had no special meaning. Men sometimes owned kilts in several different colors. But later the colors became important to the Scottish families. By about 1850, most families had special colors for their kilts. For example, men from the Campbell family had kilts with green, yellow and blue stripes. Scottish people often believe that the colors of the kilts are part of their family history. In fact, each family just chose the color they liked best.

　　This is not the story you will hear today if you are in Scotland. Most Scottish people still believe that kilts are as old as Scotland and that the colors are as old as the Scottish families. Sometimes feelings are stronger than facts!

1．This text is mainly about ________.

2．Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A．The English soldiers were the first to wear kilts.

B．It was hard then to tell the Scottish soldiers from the English ones apart from the clothes.

C．Colors were specially designed in the first kilts.

D．The factory owner made the first kilt from long shirts to make his workers different from others.

3．Scottish soldiers were dressed in kilts partly because of ________.

4．The colors of the kilts are ________.

[　　]

A．not part of the Scottish family history

B．older than the Scottish family history

C．for the Campbell family only

D．mainly green, yellow and blue

5．From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.

[　　]

A．the European people are full of strong feelings

B．there are no stories about kilts in Scotland today

C．the British like to do things on feelings, not on facts

D．the Scottish prefer to keep their tradition rather than believe the fact

Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North American were simple structures that were primarily functional, carrying over traditional designs that went back to the Middle Ages.  During the first half of the eighteen century, however, houses began to show a new elegance.  As wealth increased, more and more colonist built fine houses.
Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur (业余) designers or to carpenters who were engaged in translating architectural handbooks imported from England.  Inventories of libraries shows an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses built during the eighteenth century show their influence.  Nevertheless, most household architecture of the first-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.
Increasing wealth and growing sophistication (文化修养) throughout the colonies resulted in houses of improved design, whether the material was wood, stone, or brick.  New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus (推动) to the use of more durable material.  A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and areas nearby was stone widely used in buildings.  An increased use of brick in houses and outbuildings is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained the most popular material even in houses built by wealthy landowners.  In the Carolinas, even in closely packed Charleston, wooden houses were much common than brick houses.
Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over the former ones.  Windows were made larger and shutters removed.  Large, clear panes replaced the small leaded glass of the seventeenth century.  Doorways were larger and more decorative.
Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms.  Walls were made of plaster or wood.  White paint began to take the place of blues, yellows, greens, and lead colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlier years.  After about 1730, advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began to appear in colonial newspapers.
【小题1】What’s the passage mainly about?

A．The improved design of eighteenth-century colonial houses.

B．A comparison of eighteenth-century houses and modern houses.

C．The decorations used in eighteenth-century houses.

D．The role of carpenters in building eighteenth-century houses.

【小题2】What was one of the main reasons for the change in architectural style in eighteenth-century
North America?

A．More architects arrived in the colonies.

B．The colonists developed an interest in classical architecture.

C．Bricks were more readily available

D．The colonists had more money to spend on housing.

【小题3】According to the passage, who was responsible for designing houses in eighteenth-century
North America?

A．professional architects

B．customers

C．interior decorators

D．carpenters

【小题4】The passage implies that the rules described in architectural handbooks were ____________.

A．generally ignored	B．broken by professional architects
C．not strictly stuck to	D．only followed by older builders

【小题5】The underlined word “divergence”欧 is closest in meaning to ________.

A．description

B．developing

C．difference

D．interest

Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North American were simple structures that were primarily functional, carrying over traditional designs that went back to the Middle Ages.  During the first half of the eighteen century, however, houses began to show a new elegance.  As wealth increased, more and more colonist built fine houses.

Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur (业余) designers or to carpenters who were engaged in translating architectural handbooks imported from England.  Inventories of libraries shows an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses built during the eighteenth century show their influence.  Nevertheless, most household architecture of the first-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.

Increasing wealth and growing sophistication (文化修养) throughout the colonies resulted in houses of improved design, whether the material was wood, stone, or brick.  New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus (推动) to the use of more durable material.  A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and areas nearby was stone widely used in buildings.  An increased use of brick in houses and outbuildings is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained the most popular material even in houses built by wealthy landowners.  In the Carolinas, even in closely packed Charleston, wooden houses were much common than brick houses.

Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over the former ones.  Windows were made larger and shutters removed.  Large, clear panes replaced the small leaded glass of the seventeenth century.  Doorways were larger and more decorative.

Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms.  Walls were made of plaster or wood.  White paint began to take the place of blues, yellows, greens, and lead colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlier years.  After about 1730, advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began to appear in colonial newspapers.

1.What’s the passage mainly about?

A．The improved design of eighteenth-century colonial houses.

B．A comparison of eighteenth-century houses and modern houses.

C．The decorations used in eighteenth-century houses.

D．The role of carpenters in building eighteenth-century houses.

2.What was one of the main reasons for the change in architectural style in eighteenth-century

North America?

A．More architects arrived in the colonies.

B．The colonists developed an interest in classical architecture.

C．Bricks were more readily available

D．The colonists had more money to spend on housing.

3.According to the passage, who was responsible for designing houses in eighteenth-century

North America?

A．professional architects

B．customers

C．interior decorators

D．carpenters

4.The passage implies that the rules described in architectural handbooks were ____________.

A．generally ignored	B．broken by professional architects
C．not strictly stuck to	D．only followed by older builders

5.The underlined word “divergence”欧 is closest in meaning to ________.

A．description

B．developing

C．difference

D．interest

 

Seventeenth-century houses in colonial(殖民地的) North America were simple structures that were primarily functional, carrying over traditional designs that went back to the Middle Ages. During the first half of the eighteenth century, however, houses began to show a new fashion. As wealth increase, more and more colonies built fine houses.

Since art of constructing houses was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left to carpenters who were responsible for interpreting handbooks relating to the design of houses imported from England. Libraries still preserve an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses appeared during the first three-quarters of eighteenth century show their influence. Nevertheless, most of them display a wide difference of taste and freedom of using the rules in these books.

Increasing wealth and growing experience throughout the colonies resulted in houses of improved design, whether the material was wood, stone, or brick. New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire urged the use of more durable material. A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and neighboring areas were stone widely used in accommodations. An increased use of brick in houses and outbuildings is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained the most popular material even in houses built by wealthy landowners. In the Carolinas, wooden houses were much more common than brick houses.

Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over what they were before. Windows were made larger and shutters were taken away. Large, clear sheet of glass replaced the small leaded glass of the seventeenth century. Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster(灰泥) or wood, sometimes were decorated with square or rectangular wooden boards. White paint began to take the place of blues, yellows, greens and lead colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlier years. After about 1730, advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic pattern began to appear in colonial newspapers.

51. What does the passage mainly about?

A. The improvement design of eighteenth-century colonial houses.

B. The comparison of eighteenth-century houses and modern ones.

C. The structures of eighteenth –century colonial houses.

D. The roles of carpenters in building eighteenth-century houses.

52. What was one of the main reasons for the change in eighteenth-century houses in North America?

A. More designers arrived in the colonies in North America.

B. The carpenters were smart and experienced enough.

C. Bricks were more widely used in North America.

D. The colonists had more money to spend on housing.

53. According to the passage, who designed houses in eighteenth-century North America?

A. Professional designers.                             B. House owners.

C. Businessmen.                                    D. Carpenters.

54. Where was stone commonly used to build houses?

A. Virginia.               B. Pennsylvania.           C. Boston.             D. Charleston.

55. What does the author imply about the use of wallpaper before 1730?

A. Wallpaper was introduced in handbooks of designing houses.

B. Wallpaper was the same color as what the wall was painted.

C. Patterned wallpaper was not widely used.

D. Wallpaper was not used in stone houses.

 

【2011·福建漳州实验中学模拟】

    Richard Cantillon (1680s-May 1734) was an Irish economist and author of Essay on the Nature of Trade in General, a book considered by Willian Stanley Jevons to be the “cradle of political economy”. Although little information exists on Cantillon’s life, it is known that he became a successful banker and merchant at an early age. His success was largely gained from the political and business connections he was able to acquire through his family and an early employer. During the late 1710s and early 1720s, Cantillon took a chance, and helped finance John Law’s Mississippi Company, from which he acquired great wealth. His success, however, came at a cost to his debtors, who attempted to get him involved in criminal activities, and even murder plots until his death 1734.

    The Essay remains Cantillon’s only surviving contribution to economics. It was written around 1730 and circulated widely in manuscript form, but was not published until 1755. Despite having much influence on the early development of the physiocrat（重农主义者）and classical schools of thought, the Essay was largely forgotten until its rediscovery by Jevons in the late 19th century. Cantillon was influenced by his experiences as a banker, and especially by the speculative bubble（投机泡沫）of John Law’s Mississippi Company. He was also heavily influenced by previous economists, especially William Petty.

    The Essay is considered the first complete essay on economies, with a great many contributions to the science. These contributions include the development of spatial（与空间有关的）economics. Canutillo’s Essay had significant influence on the early development of political economy, including the works of David Hume and Adam Smith.

68. Which of the following about Cantillon is TRUE according to the first paragraph?

       A. He knew little about business though a successful banker.

       B. He owed all his success to his family and an early employer.

       C. John Law’s Mississippi Company brought him a great deal of money.

       D. His debtors tried to copy him by participating in some criminal activities.

69. Cantillon’s Essay ______________.

       A. was not much recognized until the late 19th century

       B. was highly thought of by the economists around 1730

       C. had great influence on the economist, William Petty

       D. helped Jevons to make some discoveries in science

70. What can be inferred from the passage?

  A. The Essay was not circulated widely until 1755.

  B. Cantillon was a successful banker, merchant and politician.

C. Cantillon turned a merchant in his fifties.

D. The Essay was largely forgotten for years.

71. What can be the best title for the passage?

A. Cantillon and his life.             B. Cantillon and his business.

C. Cantillon and his Essay.          D. Cantillon and his contribution.